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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:473-484
© 1995 Mosby, Inc.
SURGERY FOR ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE |
St. Louis, Mo.
Supported by National Institutes of Health grant Nos. RO1 HL32257 and RO1 HL33722.
Received for publication Sept. 27, 1994. Accepted for publication Dec. 14, 1994. Address for reprints: James L. Cox, MD, Evarts A. Graham, Professor of Surgery, Vice-Chairman, Department of Surgery, Chief, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suite 3108, Queeny Tower, One Barnes Hospital Plaza, St. Louis, MO 63110.
Abstract
The original maze procedure that was described for the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation was followed by an unacceptable incidence of two problems: (1) the frequent inability to generate an appropriate sinus tachycardia in response to maximal exercise and (2) occasional left atrial dysfunction. In an effort to overcome these problems, we modified the original technique (maze I) twice. The results of these modifications culminated in the maze III procedure, which is associated with a higher incidence of postoperative sinus rhythm, improved long-term sinus node function, fewer pacemaker requirements, less arrhythmia recurrence, and improved long-term atrial transport function. In addition, the maze III procedure is technically less demanding than either the maze I or maze II procedure. Therefore, the maze III procedure is now the technique of choice for the management of medically refractory atrial fibrillation. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995;110:473-84)
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 G.Y.H. Lip and F.L. L. S. Hee Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation QJM, December 1, 2001; 94(12): 665 - 678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pasic, P. Bergs, P. Muller, M. Hofmann, O. Grauhan, H. Kuppe, and R. Hetzer Intraoperative radiofrequency maze ablation for atrial fibrillation: the Berlin modification Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 2001; 72(5): 1484 - 1491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2118 - 2150. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2001; 22(20): 1852 - 1923. [PDF]
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V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1231 - 1265. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1266 - 1266. [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. P. Bauer, Z. A. Szalay, R. R. Brandt, H. F. Pitschner, G. Bachmann, H.-P. Brunner-La Rocca, and W. P. Klovekorn Predictors for atrial transport function after mini-maze operation Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2001; 72(4): 1251 - 1255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Cox Intraoperative options for treating atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2001; 122(2): 212 - 215. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. T. Sie, W. P. Beukema, A. R. Ramdat Misier, A. Elvan, J. J. Ennema, and H. J.J. Wellens The radiofrequency modified maze procedure. A less invasive surgical approach to atrial fibrillation during open-heart surgery Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2001; 19(4): 443 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.-B. Kim, J.-H. Huh, C. H. Kang, H. Ahn, and D.-W. Sohn Modifications of the Cox-Maze III procedure Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2001; 71(3): 816 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Imai, T. Sueda, K. Orihashi, M. Watari, and Y. Matsuura Clinical analysis of results of a simple left atrial procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2001; 71(2): 577 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. P. Thomas, G. R. Nunn, I. A. Nicholson, A. Rees, M. P. J. Daly, R. B. Chard, and D. L. Ross Mechanism, localization and cure of atrial arrhythmias occurring after a new intraoperative endocardial radiofrequency ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2000; 35(2): 442 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Harada, T. Konishi, M. Fukata, K. Higuchi, T. Sugimoto, and K. Sasaki Intraoperative map guided operation for atrial fibrillation due to mitral valve disease Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2000; 69(2): 446 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B. Jatene, M. B. Marcial, F. Tarasoutchi, R. A. Cardoso, P. Pomerantzeff, and A. D. Jatene Influence of the maze procedure on the treatment of rheumatic atrial fibrillation - evaluation of rhythm control and clinical outcome in a comparative study Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., February 1, 2000; 17(2): 117 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Izumoto, K. Kawazoe, K. Eishi, and J. Kamata Medium-term results after the modified Cox/Maze procedure combined with other cardiac surgery Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., January 1, 2000; 17(1): 25 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Cox, N. Ad, and T. Palazzo IMPACT OF THE MAZE PROCEDURE ON THE STROKE RATE IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., November 1, 1999; 118(5): 833 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Handa, H. V. Schaff, J. J. Morris, B. J. Anderson, S. L. Kopecky, and M. Enriquez-Sarano OUTCOME OF VALVE REPAIR AND THE COX MAZE PROCEDURE FOR MITRAL REGURGITATION AND ASSOCIATED ATRIAL FIBRILLATION J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 1999; 118(4): 628 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.-B. Kim, K. R. Cho, D.-W. Sohn, H. Ahn, and J. R. Rho The Cox-Maze III procedure for atrial fibrillation associated with rheumatic mitral valve disease Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 1999; 68(3): 799 - 803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. A. Szalay, W. Skwara, H.-F. Pitschner, I. Faude, W.-P. Klovekorn, and E. P. Bauer Midterm results after the mini-maze procedure Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., September 1, 1999; 16(3): 306 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Berreklouw, F. Bracke, A. Meijer, K. H. Peels, and D. Relik Cardiogenic shock due to coronary narrowings one day after a MAZE III procedure Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 1999; 68(3): 1065 - 1066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pasic, M. Musci, H. Siniawski, O. Grauhan, B. Edelmann, T. Tedoriya, Y. Weng, and R. Hetzer THE COX MAZE III PROCEDURE: PARALLEL NORMALIZATION OF SINUS NODE DYSFUNCTION, IMPROVEMENT OF ATRIAL FUNCTION, AND RECOVERY OF THE CARDIAC AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 1999; 118(2): 287 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Shah, D. Shah, S. Calla, and V. Shah An Incision-Sparing Modification of the Maze Procedure Using Electrocoagulation Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, June 1, 1999; 7(2): 164 - 164. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Lee, T. Nitta, R. B. Schuessler, D. C. Johnson, J. P. Boineau, and J. L. Cox The closed heart MAZE: a nonbypass surgical technique Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 1999; 67(6): 1696 - 1702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pasic, M. Musci, B. Edelmann, H. Siniawski, P. Bergs, and R. Hetzer Identification of P waves after the Cox-maze procedure: significance of right precordial leads V3R through V6R Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 1999; 67(5): 1292 - 1294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Nitta, R. Lee, R. B. Schuessler, J. P. Boineau, and J. L. Cox Radial approach: a new concept in surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation I. Concept, anatomic and physiologic bases and development of a procedure Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 1999; 67(1): 27 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Nitta, R. Lee, H. Watanabe, K. M. Harris, J. M. Erikson, R. B. Schuessler, J. P. Boineau, and J. L. Cox Radial approach: a new concept in surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation. II. Electrophysiologic effects and atrial contribution to ventricular filling Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 1999; 67(1): 36 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Holm, R. Johansson, B. Smideberg, C. Luhrs, and S.B. Olsson Effect of cardiac exposure by median sternotomy on atrial fibrillation cycle length Europace, January 1, 1999; 1(4): 248 - 257. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. M. Epstein, M. A. Mitchell, T. W. Smith, and D. E. Haines Comparative Study of Fluoroscopy and Intracardiac Echocardiographic Guidance for the Creation of Linear Atrial Lesions Circulation, October 27, 1998; 98(17): 1796 - 1801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pasic, M. Musci, H. Siniawski, B. Edelmann, T. Tedoriya, and R. Hetzer Transient sinus node dysfunction after the Cox-maze III procedure in patients with organic heart disease and chronic fixed atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 1998; 32(4): 1040 - 1047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-C. Chen, G. B.-F. Guo, J.-P. Chang, K.-H. Yeh, and M. Fu Radiofrequency and Cryoablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Valvular Operations Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 1998; 65(6): 1666 - 1672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Kobayashi, Y. Kosakai, K. Nakano, Y. Sasako, K. Eishi, and F. Yamamoto Improved success rate of the maze procedure in mitral valve disease by new criteria for patients' selection Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 1998; 13(3): 247 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Theodoro, G. K. Danielson, C.-b. J. Porter, and C. A. Warnes Right-Sided Maze Procedure for Right Atrial Arrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 1998; 65(1): 149 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. C. Robotin, A. Serraf, L. Houyel, J. Petit, F. Lacour-Gayet, J. Bruniaux, and C. Planche Prevention of Unbalanced Lung Perfusion and Atrial Arrhythmias After the Lateral Tunnel Operation Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 1997; 64(5): 1389 - 1395. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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