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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:11-16
© 1999 Mosby, Inc.

SURGERY FOR ACQUIRED CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

USE OF THE VOICE-CONTROLLED AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED SURGICAL SYSTEM ZEUS FOR ENDOSCOPIC CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

From the Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, D-81366 Munich, Germany; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pa; and Dallas Medical Center, Dallas, Tex.

Address for reprints: Hermann Reichenspurner MD, PhD, Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Grosshadern, Marchioninistr 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany.

Objective: With the aim of performing a completely endoscopic coronary bypass anastomosis, we have undertaken an experimental and clinical study using robotic instrumentation and voice-controlled camera guidance.
Methods: The ZEUS Robotic Surgical System (Computer Motion Inc, Goleta, Calif) consists of three interactive robotic arms and a control unit, allowing the surgeon to move the instrument arms in a scaled down mode. The third arm (AESOP, Computer Motion) positions the endoscope via voice control.
Phase I: In a phantom model, vascular grafts were anastomosed to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of 50 pig hearts with either 2- or 3-dimensional visualization.
Phase II: In 6 dogs (FBI 20-25 kg) the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was harvested endoscopically. Then the animals were placed on an endovascular cardiopulmonary bypass system (Port-Access, Heartport, Inc, Redwood City, Calif). Anastomosis of the LITA to the LAD was performed endoscopically with the telemetric ZEUS instruments. Flow rates through the LITA were measured by Doppler analysis.
Phase III: Two patients were operated on with the ZEUS system. After endoscopic harvesting of the LITA and cardiopulmonary bypass with the Port-Access system, the bypass graft (LITA-LAD) was anastomosed endoscopically with the ZEUS system through three thoracic ports.
Results: In the dry laboratory, the time range required for the robotically assisted coronary anastomosis was 35 to 60 minutes with 2-dimensional visualization and 16 to 32 minutes with 3-dimensional visualization. In the animal experiments, the median time for endoscopic harvesting of the LITA was 86 minutes (range 56-120 minutes) and for the anastomosis, 42 minutes (range 35-105 minutes); flow rates through the LITA ranged between 22 and 45 mL/min. In the clinical cases, preparation times for the LITA were 83 and 110 minutes, respectively, and anastomosis times, 42 and 40 minutes, respectively. Doppler flow rates measured 125 and 85 mL/min, respectively. Both patients had an uneventful follow-up angiogram and postoperative course.
Conclusions: With sophisticated robotic technology, a completely endoscopic anastomosis of the LITA to the LAD is possible, allowing technically precise operations within acceptable time limits.

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