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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:535-547
© 2001 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

Assessment of cardiovascular dynamics by pressure-area relations in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease

From the Departments of Pediatric Cardiology^a and Cardiovascular Surgery,^c Saitama Heart Institute, Saitama Medical School Hospital, Saitama, Japan, and the Cardiovascular Research Center,^b National Yang-Ming University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

Supported by National Grant No. 8025127 from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (H.S.).

Received for publication Sept 25, 2000. Accepted for publication Feb 26, 2001. Address for reprints: Hideaki Senzaki, MD, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Saitama Heart Institute, Saitama Medical School Hospital, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama 350, Japan (E-mail: hsenzaki{at}saitama-med.ac.jp).

Abstract

Objectives: It is particularly useful to separately quantify the ventricular contractility and loading conditions for a better understanding of the cardiovascular dynamics in congenital heart disease, where abnormalities in chamber and loading properties may coexist. Furthermore, ventricular contractility and loading conditions may alter independently or simultaneously with disease progression and therapeutic intervention. The objectives of the present study were (1) to test whether ventricular pressure-area analysis can provide such quantitation among patients with various forms of congenital heart disease, (2) to reveal basal cardiovascular interaction in congenital heart disease by means of pressure-area analysis, and (3) to test the feasibility of this method in a simplified and less invasive form to further enhance its clinical value.
Methods: We constructed pressure-area loops during caval occlusion by using transthoracic echocardiographic automated border detection combined with ventricular pressure recordings in 59 pediatric patients with congenital heart disease and in 7 normal control subjects.
Results: Area measurements obtained by automated border detection were highly reproducible, and area changes reflected volume changes. The pressure-area data provided load-independent measures of contractility, which were consistently increased by use of dobutamine (P < .05). End-systolic and arterial elastance individually quantified simultaneous changes in ventricular contractility and loading with milrinone infusion and predicted net cardiac performance. The pressure-area analysis better characterized the ventricular contractile states under a variety of loading conditions in congenital heart disease, whereas predominant load dependence of conventional indices confounded them. Furthermore, pressure-area relations were reasonably estimated from a single beat and from aortic pressure data during abdominal compression.
Conclusions: Pressure-area analysis should provide a useful modality with which to assess cardiovascular dynamics in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease in more detail and should thus help improve the management of patients with this disease.

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