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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:951-958
© 2002 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

Cardiopulmonary Support and Physiology (CSP)

Tissue factor as the main activator of the coagulation system during cardiopulmonary bypass

From the Heart Centre,^a University Hospital Gent, and Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology,^b University Leuven, Belgium.

Received for publication Sept 7, 2001. Accepted for publication Sept 7, 2001. Address for reprints: G. Van Nooten, MD, PhD, University Hospital Gent, Centre for Cardiac Surgery 51E-K12, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium (E-mail: Guido.VanNooten{at}rug.ac.be).

Objective: This study investigates the influence of foreign material and blood aspirated from nonvascular structures on activation of coagulation, hemolysis, and blood loss.
Methods: The series comprises 3 randomized groups (groups C, S, and S+P) of 10 patients undergoing routine coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. In group C, the control group, all aspirated blood was returned into the circulation. In group S suction blood was discarded, whereas group S+P was identical to group S, with surfaces coated with phosphorylcholine. Plasma concentrations of ß-thromboglobulin, thrombin generation, haptoglobin, and free hemoglobin, as well as blood loss, were measured.
Results: A steady increase in free plasma hemoglobin, as well as an increased generation of thrombin, was noticed in group C. Moreover, a close correlation (r = 0.916) between the generation of thrombin and its inhibition (thrombin-antithrombin complexes) was observed. Platelets were clearly activated in group C and, to a lesser extent, in group S. In contrast, platelet activation in group S+P was negligible, resulting in a 30% decrease in blood loss (P = .05).
Conclusions: Aspirated blood contaminated by tissue contact is the most important activator of the coagulation system and the principal cause of hemolysis during cardiopulmonary bypass. Contact with a foreign surface is not a main variable in the procoagulant effect of bypass. Mimicking the outer cell membrane structure resulted in decreased platelet activation and decreased blood loss.

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