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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:1096-1106
© 1995 Mosby, Inc.
CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS, MYOCARDIAL MANAGEMENT, |
Paris, France, Birmingham, United Kingdom, Leuven, Belgium
Paris, France, Vancouver, B.C., Canada,
Supported by a grant from Gensia, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
Presented in part, in abstract form, at the 1993 Annual Meeting of the American College of Cardiology, Anaheim, Calif., and the Fifteenth Congress of the European Society of Cardiology, 1993, Nice, France.
Received for publication April 20, 1994. Accepted for publication Jan. 9, 1995. Address for reprints: Philippe Menashé, MD, PhD, Service de Chirurgie Cardio-Vasculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2, Rue Ambroise-Paré, 75475 Paris, France
Abstract
The effect of acadesine, an adenosine-regulating agent, on the incidence of myocardial infarction, all adverse cardiovascular outcomes (myocardial infarction, cardiac death, left ventricular dysfunction, life-threatening arrhythmia, or cerebrovascular accident) and mortality was assessed in 821 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients were prospectively stratified to a high-risk group (age>70 years, unstable angina, previous coronary bypass, unsuccessful angioplasty, or ejection fraction<30%) or a non-high-risk group. They were randomized in a double-blind manner to placebo (n = 418) or acadesine (n = 403) by intravenous infusion over 7 hours (0.1 mg/kg per minute) and in the cardioplegic solution (placebo or acadesine; 5µg/ml). Acadesine did not significantly affect the incidence of myocardial infarction in the overall study population, but it significantly reduced the incidence of Q-wave myocardial infarction in high-risk patients (placebo, 19.7%; acadesine, 10.0%; p= 0.032). The incidences of all adverse cardiovascular outcomes (placebo, 19.4%; acadesine, 18.4%) and overall mortality (placebo, 3.4%; acadesine, 2.7%) were similar between the two treatment groups. However, acadesine reduced the incidence of cardiac related events that contributed to deaths occurring during the first 3 postoperative days so that the incidence of death in this period was lower (placebo, 1.9%; acadesine, 0.2%; p= 0.038). No adverse events were related to acadesine treatment. Although overall there were no statistically significant between-group differences for the primary study end points, a secondary analysis in a prospectively defined high-risk subgroup suggests that acadesine may be beneficial in some patients. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995;110:1096-106)
Morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have increased over the past decade, despite improvements in surgical techniques and perioperative management. Several studies have demonstrated that older patients with more extensive coronary disease, poorer left ventricular function, and more comorbid diseases are now undergoing CABG and that these factors have a negative impact on morbidity and mortality. 
1-8 In recent studies, representative of the current patient population undergoing CABG and surgical practices being used, the mortality rate ranged from 3% to 8%. 1-3,9,10 Cardiac events are still the most common causes of death after CABG, accounting for approximately 55% of the deaths. 11 Of these cardiac events, perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) is a significant complication of CABG, and its occurrence has been shown to have an adverse effect on postoperative mortality rates and long-term survival. 12-17 The prevalence of perioperative MI after CABG has been reported in the literature to range from 4% to 26%, depending on the criteria used for diagnosis. 2,15,17-30 The unequivocal recognition that the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with CABG can still be reduced has therefore led to the development of new strategies designed to preserve the myocardium by reducing ischemia and reperfusion injury. 31,32 Although some approaches have focused on the refinement of cardioplegic formulations, the tight control of reperfusate composition, or the search for the optimal route and technique of delivering cardioplegic solutions, an alternative approach has consisted of supplying the myocardium with substrates or agents designed to reduce the extent of ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the latter case, however, the expected achievement of a therapeutic benefit has consistently relied on an exogenous supply of the purported cardioprotective agents. More recently, efforts have been focused on managing endogenous systems to lessen myocardial ischemia and necrosis. Endogenous adenosine is an important mediator of myocardial preservation because activation of adenosine receptors improves myocardial survival after ischemic insults (i.e., ischemic preconditioning). 33
Acadesine (5-amino-1-[ß-D-ribofuranosyl]imidazole-4-carboxamide) belongs to a new class of agents called adenosine-regulating agents. These agents are believed to act by locally increasing the availability of adenosine only in tissues depleted of adenosine triphosphate (i.e., ischemia). 34-36 Several animal studies have now documented the cardioprotective effects of acadesine, including under conditions of global ischemic arrest, as occurs during CABG in human beings. 37,38 In an initial small clinical trial in 116 patients undergoing elective CABG, acadesine given intravenously and in cardioplegic solutions was shown to reduce the incidence of perioperative MI by 64% compared with placebo treatment. 39 Although the small sample size probably prevented attainment of statistical significance in this early study, the results were suggestive and provided the rationale for this larger, multinational randomized trial.
METHODS
General study design
A double-blind trial was conducted in 821 patients with coronary artery disease. The patients were stratified by risk group and randomized in this placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. All were scheduled for elective, urgent, or emergency CABG and were enrolled at 27 medical centers in Europe and Canada (appendix). The protocol was approved by the ethics committee at each center. In accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration, written informed consent was obtained from each patient. Patients received either placebo or acadesine administered intravenously for a total of 7 hours, beginning 15 minutes before the induction of anesthesia. The duration of infusion included the intraoperative (prebypass and postbypass) period and the immediate postoperative period in the intensive care unit for virtually all patients. The cardioplegic solution used for myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass contained acadesine (final concentration of 5 µg/ml) or placebo, as appropriate to match the randomization for intravenous drug administration. An independent safety and data monitoring panel was responsible for decisions about the safe conduct and continuation of the trial.
Patient selection
Patients were enrolled in the study between June 1991 and June 1992. Patients of either sex were eligible for recruitment. To be included in the study, patients were required to have coronary artery disease as assessed by coronary angiography, to have left main stenosis of at least 50% or stenoses of at least 70% of two or more major coronary arteries, to be at least 35 years of age, and to be in hemodynamically stable condition at the time of the operation. Excluded from the study were the following: patients having valve replacement or hemodynamically significant valvular disease, patients with suspected or definite recent or evolving MI (within 7 days before the operation as evidenced by creatine kinase myocardial band [CK-MB] measures above the screening laboratory's reference range or changes in Q-wave morphology), or patients with a history of uric acid nephropathy or hyperuricemia (serum uric acid value 20% above the institution's laboratory reference range), renal insufficiency (creatinine concentration greater than two times the upper limit of the testing laboratory's reference range at the time of screening), or hepatic dysfunction (alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase concentrations greater than three times the upper limit of the testing laboratory's reference range at screening).
Stratification, randomization, and treatment
Before randomization, patients were prospectively stratified into one of two groups: (1) high risk and (2) all other patients, termed non-high risk. The criteria defining high risk were age greater than 70 years, previous CABG, acute failure of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (without an evolving MI), unstable angina, and left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction <30%). Patients were randomly allocated within each center to treatment with placebo (Sterile Water for Injections, British Pharmacopoeia) or acadesine (0.1 mg/kg per minute) according to a previously prepared computer-generated randomization code for each risk group.
Adenosine, theophylline, aminophylline, pentoxifylline, and dipyridamole were not to be given for the 48 hours before the operation and during the first 48 hours after the operation because their presence might alter any effects of acadesine. Intravenous nifedipine or other intravenous calcium-channel antagonists were permitted, except as antiischemic prophylaxis. All other cardiovascular medications were continued, as indicated, until the operation. Anesthesia induction was limited to intravenous fentanyl, alfentanyl, sufentanyl, midazolam, or propofol, according to local practice. Fluorinated inhalational agents were prohibited except for the use of isoflurane at one center. Operations were performed by means of standard techniques for myocardial revascularization. The type and method of administration of cardioplegic solutions were not controlled; however, cardioplegic solutions containing drugs other than the study drug (e.g., lidocaine) were not to be used. The use of warm blood cardioplegia was generally discouraged, although a subset of patients was treated with warm cardioplegia or with single warm blood terminal infusions ("hot shots"). One center used the surgical technique of intermittent aortic crossclamping without the use of any cardioplegic solutions.
Outcome measurements and follow-up
The outcome measurements in this study were the incidence of fatal and nonfatal MI and the incidence of all adverse cardiovascular outcomes (MI, cardiac death, severe left ventricular dysfunction, life-threatening arrhythmia, or cerebrovascular accident). Outcomes were assessed for their occurrence through hospital discharge. Follow-up for death and any other major adverse cardiovascular event was continued for up to 12 months after the operation at 22 of the 27 participating centers.
Perioperative MI was diagnosed according to the following criteria: (1) the presence of a new Q wave on postoperative twelve-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) using Minnesota code criteria 15 with clinical overreading; (2) elevation of serum CK-MB concentration to 100 ng/ml or more at any time after the operation, to 70 ng/ml or more at any time after 12 hours after the operation, or to 12 ng/ml or more more than 24 hours after the operation. 27,40,41 ; or (3) MI on autopsy. Twelve-lead ECGs were obtained at screening (within 7 days before the operation), on arrival in the intensive care unit, on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, and 4, and at hospital discharge. ECGs were transferred to a central site where they were coded and evaluated by a panel of blinded reviewers unaware of any other study data, comprised of a senior cardiologist and several coders. The senior cardiologist reviewed all sets of ECGs using standard ECG interpretive techniques to assess whether or not an MI had occurred. Two separate individuals independently assigned Minnesota codes to each ECG and additionally reviewed each set using standard ECG interpretive techniques to assess whether a new Q-wave MI was present. ST-T wave changes unsupported by localized depolarization abnormalities (e.g., new Q wave, deeper or wider Q wave) were not considered sufficient for the diagnosis of a perioperative MI. The panel, consisting of the senior cardiologist and all coders, reviewed each coded ECG set and agreed on the presence or absence of an MI for each patient. CK-MB concentrations were measured in serum samples obtained at screening and at 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 42, 48, and 60 hours after removal of the aortic crossclamp. Processed serum samples were stored at -20° C at each site and then sent to the central laboratory. The samples were stored at -20° C at the central laboratory until blinded analysis was performed by means of an immunoenzymetric assay kit (Tandem-E CKMB II, Hybritech [USA], San Diego, Calif.). Autopsy diagnosis of MI was made by the pathologist at each institution.
Because of the complexity of diagnosing MI after CABG, MI may be defined by one or more of the criteria for diagnosis described earlier. Results are presented with less specific criteria (presence of a Q wave or elevation of CK-MB concentrations, or autopsy MI) used for the power calculation for this study, more specific criteria (Q wave and CK-MB, or autopsy MI), and by ECG and autopsy criteria alone (Q wave or autopsy MI). The latter secondary analysis was performed because the CK-MB data set was not considered completely reliable in this study; the CK-MB concentrations were lower than expected, which is inconsistent with literature reports in the setting of CABG and the lack of CK-MB elevations in several patients with MIs proved at autopsy. Reasons for the questionable reliability of the CK-MB data set are discussed later.
For patients who died, the cause of death was classified as to whether it was a primary cardiac death. Classifications were determined by an independent panel of three cardiologists not associated with the clinical study, who were blinded to the patient's treatment assignment. Death occurring within the first 3 days after a CABG operation is considered acute 11 ; therefore the effect of acadesine on mortality during this period was also assessed.
Severe left ventricular dysfunction was considered present if cardiogenic shock (defined as a cardiac index <1.5 L/min per square meter and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >20 cm for >1 hour) occurred or if an intraaortic balloon pump or left ventricular assist device for low output syndrome was required.
Life-threatening arrhythmia was considered present if either of the following two criteria were met: (1) ventricular arrhythmia necessitating cardioversion, other than during bypass; and (2) conduction defect necessitating insertion of a permanent pacemaker. Cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias was not included in this definition of an adverse cardiovascular outcome.
A cerebrovascular accident was considered present if signs or symptoms of significant neurologic deficit persisted for more than 24 hours. Focal neurologic deficits associated with local nerve injury (e.g., local neuropathies produced by positioning during the operation) were not considered cerebrovascular accidents. Patients with nonfocal deficits were classified as having a cerebrovascular accident only when the diagnosis was confirmed by neurologic examination or when results from computed tomographic scan or magnetic resonance imaging were consistent with a new cerebral infarct or hemorrhage.
Statistical analysis
The sample size calculation of approximately 400 patients per treatment group was made by the Lachin method, assuming two treatment groups and two outcomes (MI and no MI), with the underlying model being a 2 by 2 contingency table on which a 
2 test would be performed. 42 The sample size was calculated to give a 90% chance of detecting a 33% reduction in the incidence of MI with a level of significance at 5%. The placebo rate for the incidence of MI was set at 30%. A total of 53 strata, defined by combinations of 27 centers and two risk groups (one center had no high-risk patients), were used. Nine patients were assigned at study sites into the incorrect risk stratum. These patients were reclassified into the correct risk group for purposes of these analyses.
All patients who received study drug and underwent CABG were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. The comparability of baseline characteristics in the two treatment groups was assessed for discrete variables by the Pearson 2 test or Fisher's exact test. Sparse data usually led to the use of Fisher's exact test. For continuous variables, analysis of variance techniques with rank transformation were used. For outcome measures, the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to compare the response for the two treatments. Control was imposed for stratum (center and risk group). When the data were too sparse to permit valid use of the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test, the strata were ignored and the incidences were compared by either the 2 test or Fisher's exact test. Additional logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of MI after adjusting for parameters of surgical risk. 43 All reported p values are two sided and compare the two treatment groups.
RESULTS
A total of 862 patients were screened for enrollment in the study. Of these, 41 patients did not enter the study and were considered nonparticipants. The remaining 821 patients were stratified by risk group, allocated to treatment assignment, and received study medication (placebo, n = 418; acadesine, n = 403). The baseline characteristics of the two treatment groups were similar (Table I), and no significant differences in the extent of surgical exposure were detected (Table II). In addition, no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in the high-risk patients were noted for any of the baseline or surgical parameters. All patients were followed through discharge from the hospital; 84% of the discharged patients (placebo, 339/405; acadesine, 328/392) received a follow-up examination 4 to 5 weeks after the operation and 72% of patients completed the 6-month follow-up interval (placebo, 288/404; acadesine, 287/392). Data from only 59% of the patients (placebo, 237/402; acadesine, 231/391) were available at the 12-month follow-up survey.
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Table III). However, acadesine significantly reduced the incidence of MI in the prospectively identified high-risk patients (placebo, 19.7%; acadesine, 10.0%; p = 0.032) when MI was diagnosed by Q-wave or autopsy criteria (Table IV). Unstable angina represented the most frequently occurring risk factor among the high-risk patients. Univariate analysis of the incidence of MI by risk factor showed that acadesine treatment significantly reduced the incidence of MI in those high-risk patients with unstable angina as compared with patients receiving placebo (p = 0.002). No statistically significant differences were noted between the two treatments for the other individual risk factors. No clear evidence could be found that treatment with acadesine showed any different effect on the basis of the number of vessels grafted or the type of cardioplegic solution used during bypass.
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Table III). The rate for each of the individual adverse cardiovascular outcomes other than MI was small, with no statistically significant differences between the treatments. The difference in the reductions observed for the individual outcomes compared with the incidence of combined adverse cardiovascular outcomes may be explained by the fact that twice as many patients in the placebo group (16/81) had more than one adverse cardiovascular outcome as compared with the acadesine group (7/74).
The mean peak CK-MB level (78 ± 11 ng/ml) observed for placebo-treated patients with a Q-wave MI was lower than expected as compared with reports of CK-MB levels measured with the same assay kit (Tandem-E CKMB II) in patients having CABG and subsequent MIs diagnosed by another modality (ECG, scintigraphy). 27,40,44,45
Multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of acadesine on the incidence of MI (Q wave or autopsy) after adjusting for parameters of surgical risk, including type of cardioplegia used, gender, history of severe left ventricular dysfunction, previous MI, or stratification to the high-risk subgroup. When this model was fit to all patients (both high-risk and non-high risk), there was a significant interaction between acadesine and risk group (p = 0.028) (Table V). Acadesine significantly reduced the incidence of MI in high-risk patients (odds ratio = 0.44, p = 0.015) but not in non-high-risk patients (odds ratio = 1.12, p = 0.665). High-risk patients had a higher MI rate than non-high-risk patients (odds ratio = 1.60, p = 0.092); and in the former group, acadesine treatment was the only factor that significantly reduced the incidence of MI (odds ratio = 0.45, p = 0.017). Other risk factors tested did not have a significant effect. Table V also presents the results obtained when this model was used only in the high-risk subgroup, which were consistent with those obtained for all patients. An interesting finding from this analysis was that prospectively defined high-risk patients with a previous MI had a greater risk for the occurrence of MI associated with CABG (odds ratio = 1.86, p = 0.089) than did the overall population with a previous MI (odds ratio = 1.33, p = 0.183).
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Table VI). The number of late deaths (5 to 52 weeks of follow-up) was similar for the two treatment groups (placebo 2/288; acadesine 2/287).
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With the exception of mild, transient elevation of serum uric acid levels at the end of the acadesine infusion (27% above baseline level) (Fig. 1), there were no differences in clinical laboratory measurements between treatment groups. Elevations in uric acid concentration were transient and without clinical sequelae.
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Acadesine did not significantly affect the incidence of MI, defined by the presence of ECG and enzyme criteria or by autopsy; however, acadesine significantly reduced the incidence of MI, defined only by ECG and autopsy criteria, in the prospectively defined high-risk patient group (p = 0.032). Although the incidence of hospital mortality was not reduced, acadesine treatment resulted in a reduced proportion of cardiac related deaths, as compared with placebo, which produced a statistically significant reduction in the acute postoperative mortality (p = 0.038).
Acadesine and myocardial protection
Surgical and anesthetic practice is continually improving; however, the number of high-risk patients undergoing CABG is steadily increasing with an attendant rise in operative morbidity and mortality. Numerous attempts to preserve myocardial viability by decreasing the effects of ischemia and reperfusion injury that occur during CABG have been made. Although many of them have been based on changes in the vehicle (crystalloid or blood), temperature (hypothermic or normothermic), or route or technique of delivery (antegrade or retrograde, intermittent or continuous) of cardioplegic solutions, or on appropriate alterations in reperfusate composition, others have relied on the supplementation of cardioplegic or reperfusion solutions with substrates or drugs. Among these additives has been adenosine, the cardioprotective effects of which have been known for many years. 46,47 Interest in adenosine is currently being renewed, partially because of its purported role in mediating the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning. 48 However, the systemic administration of adenosine is usually accompanied by unacceptable adverse events such as heart block, hypotension with reflex tachycardia, coronary steal, facial flushing, and dyspnea, which have limited its therapeutic use. The development of an adenosine-regulating agent such as acadesine may obviate the exogenous administration of adenosine, with its associated systemic adverse events, by enhancing local endogenous production or accumulation of adenosine. Although the mechanism by which acadesine may modulate local extracellular adenosine concentrations during periods of ischemia in animals has not been fully established, these cardioprotective effects are prevented when adenosine receptors are blocked or the formation of adenosine is suppressed, indicating that the ability of acadesine to enhance ischemia-induced adenosine levels is the basis of its beneficial effects. Modulation of local adenosine levels in ischemic myocardium by an adenosine-regulating agent should be without the systemic adverse effects associated with exogenous adenosine administration, because adenosine has an extremely short half-life in human blood (<0.6 second). Consequently, adenosine-regulating agents such as acadesine could have major clinical benefits in conditions in which it could prevent the progression of myocardial ischemia to necrosis (i.e., MI), with its attendant morbidity and mortality.
Methodologic considerations
The incidence of perioperative MI varies greatly depending on the criterion used for the diagnosis. However, there is no consensus on the criterion by which a perioperative MI should be diagnosed in the setting of CABG. In the design of this study, we recognized that establishing the diagnosis of an MI in the perioperative period is more complicated than in the usual clinical setting in the ambulatory patient. The diagnosis of a perioperative MI by use of only the occurrence of new Q waves is associated with false-positive and false-negative results. False-positive results occur especially with new, inferior Q waves resulting from the unmasking of previously undetected infarcts. 49 False-negative results occur with nontransmural MIs.
The design of the protocol allowed for analysis with two definitions used for the diagnosis of MI: (1) the presence of either a new Q wave on the ECG or elevations of CK-MB levels or a pathologically confirmed myocardial necrosis at autopsy MI (Q wave or CK-MB, or autopsy); (2) the presence of both ECG changes and CK-MB elevations, or autopsy MI (Q wave and CK-MB, or autopsy). With the more specific and clinically rigorous definition (Q wave and CK-MB, or autopsy), the incidence of MI was not significantly lower in the acadesine-treated group (5.2%) than in the placebo group (6.7%). Although these rates are compatible with those reported in the literature, diagnosis of a perioperative MI with the CK-MB data was considered to be unreliable in this study and therefore reduced the ability to diagnose MI by use of any definition that included a CK-MB criterion.
The unreliability of the CK-MB results is demonstrated in several ways. For patients with a Q wave who received placebo, the CK-MB concentrations were much lower than results reported in the literature for similar patients having CABG in whom the same assay (Tandem-E CKMB II) was used. 27,40,44,45 CK-MB samples from the present study were subjected to freezing, prolonged storage, and international transport. The cited literature reports were all single center studies in which CK-MB values were determined on nonfrozen samples, which were presumably assayed rapidly without being subjected to sample handling procedures with the potential for sample degradation. The CK-MB values determined during the validation of the CK-MB assay at the central laboratory for the present study on samples obtained from nonstudy patients, including some with Q-wave MIs after CABG, were dramatically higher than study patient samples and were compatible with those reported in the literature. 45 The logistics of handling the samples in this multinational study could account for the discrepancies between the lower than expected values reported here and the data obtained during the CK-MB assay validation and from the other literature reports in which the same assay kit was used. Additional evidence of unreliability of the CK-MB data comes from the fact that 50% of the patients with MIs confirmed anatomically at autopsy did not meet the CK-MB criteria for the diagnosis of MI; this observation is at variance with a study by Van Lente and associates. 50 Consequently, the presence of a new Q wave or evidence of MI on autopsy were adopted as the criteria for the diagnosis of MI in this study.
Efficacy of acadesine
Acadesine treatment did not significantly affect the incidence of MI in the overall population. The finding that acadesine significantly reduced the incidence of MI, with the Q-wave or autopsy definition used for the diagnosis, in high-risk patients (p = 0.032), however, is of potential clinical relevance, because Q-wave MIs have been shown to be associated with a worse long-term prognosis in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. 15 We recognized before the start of the study that the high-risk patients would have a higher incidence of adverse outcomes and the establishment of a treatment effect in this group is not surprising. The lack of a statistically significant effect in the non-high-risk group may have resulted from a lower incidence of MIs in this subgroup, the occurrence of false-positive Q waves associated with CABG, which may preclude the detection of a true drug effect, 50 or the presence of a lesser or no drug effect. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that acadesine treatment had a significant effect in reducing the incidence of MI in the high-risk subgroup, whereas the interaction between acadesine and parameters of surgical risk did not have a significant effect on MI. The type of cardioplegic solution used had no significant effects on outcome, although the sample size was insufficient to make a definitive conclusion.
The incidence of combined adverse cardiovascular outcomes was highly dependent on the incidence of MIs because of the lower rates for the other individual adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Although the rates for the combined adverse cardiovascular outcomes were not different between treatments, there were potentially clinically meaningful reductions in the rates for cardiac death, cerebrovascular accident, life-threatening arrhythmia, and a minimal reduction for left ventricular dysfunction with acadesine as compared with placebo.
Results of the present study also demonstrate that although the overall hospital mortality rates were similar in the two groups, acadesine therapy was associated with a lower incidence of cardiac related events (i.e., low output syndrome, arrhythmia, severe left ventricular dysfunction) that accounted for the majority of deaths occurring over the first 3 postoperative days (placebo, 6/8; acadesine, 1/1). Consequently, mortality during this early postoperative period was lower in acadesine-treated patients (placebo, 8/418; acadesine, 1/403; p = 0.038).
A similarly designed study has also been conducted in the United States. 51 The results of the U.S. study demonstrated that acadesine decreased the incidence of MI, but this decrease was not significant according to the prospectively defined criteria for the diagnosis of MI (Q wave or CK-MB, or autopsy). However, an additional analysis that used a more specific definition for MI (Q wave and CK-MB, or autopsy) showed a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of MI with acadesine treatment (p = 0.018).
Safety profile
This study also demonstrated that, for patients undergoing CABG, acadesine is safe when given at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg per minute for 7 hours in association with administration in cardioplegic solutions at a final concentration of 5 µg/ml. Systemic blood pressure and heart rate showed no difference in the acadesine-treated patients compared with the group receiving placebo. The overall adverse event profile for the acadesine-treated patients was essentially indistinguishable from that of the placebo recipients. Conduction defects of various types were reported less frequently with acadesine or at a similar rate to placebo. These results demonstrate that unlike adenosine, acadesine does not lower systemic blood pressure or produce conduction disturbances. The only potential safety concern was a mild, transient hyperuricemia, which was maximal at the end of the infusion and resolved shortly thereafter, with no clinical sequelae. The rise in uric acid was not unexpected because acadesine is metabolized via normal purine pathways of which the end product is uric acid.
Conclusions
This study has established that acadesine, given both intravenously during the perioperative period (at 0.1 mg/kg per minute over 7 hours) and as an adjunct to cardioplegic solutions (at a final concentration of 5 µg/ml), is safe with an adverse event profile similar to that of placebo. Although the results of this study were not statistically significant for the reduction of MI or hospital mortality in the overall population, the reduced incidence of MI in the high-risk subgroup, according to secondary Q-wave or autopsy criteria, and of cardiac related deaths in the acute postoperative period (first 3 postoperative days) suggests that acadesine may provide some added myocardial protection during CABG.
Appendix
The following institutions (listed in alphabetical order) and principal investigators participated in the International Acadesine Study:
The central analysis centers participating in the study were as follows: ECG Analysis: Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, U.K.; M. K. Davies, S. J. S. Virk, H. Hamdan, and K. Kullar. Dutch Heart Scan Services, Maasdam, The Netherlands; H. J. Ritsema van Eck. CK-MB Laboratory: St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, U.K.; D. Holt.
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Footnotes
*The investigators and institutions particpating in the Multinational Acadesine Study are listed in the appendix. 
References
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  N. Nath, S. Giri, R. Prasad, M. L. Salem, A. K. Singh, and I. Singh 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide Ribonucleoside: A Novel Immunomodulator with Therapeutic Efficacy in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., July 1, 2005; 175(1): 566 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Tomai, F. Crea, L. Chiariello, and P. A. Gioffre Ischemic Preconditioning in Humans : Models, Mediators, and Clinical Relevance Circulation, August 3, 1999; 100(5): 559 - 563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. Rao, J. Ivanov, R. D. Weisel, J. S. Ikonomidis, G. T. Christakis, and T. E. David PREDICTORS OF LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT SYNDROME AFTER CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 1996; 112(1): 38 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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