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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:270-272
© 1996 Mosby, Inc.

BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS

RETROGRADE PERFUSION THROUGH THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA PERFUSES THE BRAIN IN HUMAN BEINGS

Birmingham, United Kingdom

Accepted for publication June 26, 1995. Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) through the superior vena cava (SVC) has been used to improve cerebral protection during hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) in aortic operations. Different mechanisms of protection have been postulated for RCP. These include the optimization of cerebral metabolic function during HCA by oxygenation and removal of catabolic products, maintaining a low brain temperature, and flushing of gaseous and particulate microemboli from the arterial tree before reinstitution of antegrade perfusion. Some of these hypotheses are based on the assumption that blood retrogradely perfused through the SVC actually reaches the cerebral tissue. Although some evidence of this has been obtained in experimental studies, ¹ there has been no demonstration to date that this is the case in human beings. We report three cases in which cerebral perfusion during RCP was demonstrated with the technetium Tc 99m–labeled brain perfusion agent d,l-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (^99mTc-HMPAO; Amersham International Ltd., Little Chalfont, United Kingdom), and a portable gamma camera in the operating theater. ^99mTc-HMPAO is a lipophilic compound that freely diffuses across the blood-brain barrier. Within the brain, it is either bound by a change in lipophilicity or by binding to intracellular components. This agent is useful for perfusion imaging because it is deposited in proportion to blood flow during the first pass through the cerebral circulation and has a very slow washout rate, ² thus acting as a "chemical microsphere." The protocol was approved by the local hospital ethics committee and by the Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee.

Three male patients (mean age 55 years) underwent aortic root and arch replacement for chronic aneurysmal disease. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established by bicaval cannulation and common femoral arterial return. A parallel 0.25-inch cannula was connected between the arterial return and the SVC cannula by means of Y connectors to provide RCP after HCA. This was primed and clamped at both ends. After implementation of HCA (nasopharyngeal temperature 15° C), the femoral arterial cannula was clamped and the blood was drained into the cardiotomy reservoir. The SVC cannula was isolated from the venous circulation, and RCP commenced with flow (mean 383 ± 35 ml/min) adjusted to maintain a right jugular bulb pressure of 25 mm Hg or less. A dedicated retrograde right internal jugular line independent of any drug infusions was used to measure jugular bulb pressure. A detailed description of our RCP circuit can be found elsewhere. ³

Before circulatory arrest, a portable gamma camera (Siemens LEM+; Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany) linked to a dedicated nuclear medicine computer system (Gamma 11, Nuclear Diagnostics, Kent, United Kingdom) was placed anterior to the head of the patient. After HCA and immediately before the commencement of RCP, 100 MBq of ^99mTc-HMPAO was administered into the cardiotomy reservoir and allowed to diffuse. Planar dynamic brain imaging was commenced when the first sign of activity was seen in the SVC. Images were acquired every 2 seconds for the first 2 minutes and every minute thereafter for the duration of RCP (mean 32 ± 7 minutes). Inspection of the gamma camera images showed ^99mTc-HMPAO activity spreading quickly from the right jugular bulb through the cerebral vascular tree (Fig. 1) and throughout the brain within 3 minutes (Fig. 2). Continuous ^99mTc-HMPAO accumulation was seen in the gray and white matter for the duration of RCP, with reduction of activity in the superior sagittal sinus as the agent was cleared from the blood pool. Time activity curves constructed for both cerebral hemispheres and a background region in the neck demonstrate homogeneous perfusion in both cerebral hemispheres (Fig. 3).

View larger version (71K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Anterior image. Six minutes after commencement of RCP 99mTc-HMPAO activity can be seen predominately in the right jugular bulb (RJB) and superior sagittal sinus (SSS).

View larger version (76K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Ten minutes after commencement of RCP, accumulation of 99mTc-HMPAO activity can be seen throughout the white and gray matter with reduced activity in the superior sagittal sinus, indicating accumulation of the agent in the brain and clearance from the vascular structures.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Time activity curves constructed for the right and left cerebral himispheres and a background region in the neck. The arrows show arrival of 99mTc-HMPAO bolus (a), completion of first pass of bolus (b), and attainment of complete mixing within the circulating blood volume (c). Thereafter the tracer continues to accumulate in the brain, with negative exponential uptake.

This pilot study demonstrates that cerebral perfusion does occur with RCP in human beings. The question of whether the metabolic demands of the brain may be met with this technique remains to be answered.

Footnotes

From the Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit,^a and the Departments of Nuclear Medicine^b and Anaesthesia and Intensive Care,^c Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1996;111:270-2

References

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2. Costa DC, Ell PJ, Cullum ID, Jorritt PH. The in vivo distribution of ⁹⁹Tc^m-HM-PAO in normal man. Nucl Med Commun 1986;7:647-58.[Medline]
   
3. Pagano D, Carey JA, Patel RL, et al. Retrograde cerebral perfusion: clinical experience in emergency and elective aortic operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59:393-7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   

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This Article Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Domenico Pagano Robert S. Bonser Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Pagano, D. Articles by Bonser, R. S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Pagano, D. Articles by Bonser, R. S.