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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:815-826
© 1996 Mosby, Inc.
GENERAL THORACIC SURGERY |
Received for publication April 27, 1995 Revisions requested July 17, 1995; revisions received August 7, 1995 Accepted for publication Sept. 15, 1995. Address for reprints: Valerie W. Rusch, MD, Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021.
Abstract
Objectives: Progress in the therapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma is limited by the lack of an adequate staging system and controversy about prognostic factors. This surgical series was analyzed to determine whether a new TNM staging system proposed by the International Mesothelioma Interest Group and certain prognostic factors could stratify patients in future clinical trials. Methods: Thoracotomy was performed if computed tomographic scans showed resectable tumor confined to one hemithorax. Pleurectomy/decortication was done if visceral pleural tumor was minimal, and extrapleural pneumonectomy was done for more locally advanced disease. Complete resection was defined as no gross residual tumor. Adjuvant therapy was given as required by serial clinical trials. Patients had computed tomographic scans every 3 months until death. Prognostic factors were examined by log-rank and Cox regression analyses. Results: From October 1983 to July 1994, a total of 131 thoracotomies were performed, resulting in 101 resections, 72 of which were complete. Extrapleural pneumonectomy was done in 50 patients and pleurectomy/decortication in 51. The ratio of men to women was 108:23. Median age was 63 years (range 32 to 80 years). Operative mortality was five of 131 patients (3.8%), three of 50 in the group having extrapleural pneumonectomy (6%). Ninety-five of the 131 tumors were epithelial. Fifty-one of 89 patients (57%) having node dissections had diseased nodes, 45 (50%) N2. By univariate analysis, type of resection, T and N status, stage, histologic type, and adjuvant therapy, but not gender or age, significantly affected survival. Type of resection, stage, and histologic type were significant in a multivariate analysis. Local recurrence occurred mainly after pleurectomy/decortication, and distant metastases developed after extrapleural pneumonectomy. Conclusions: (1) N2 nodal disease is more frequent than previously reported; (2) the prognostic importance of histologic type is confirmed; (3) both T and N status influence outcome, and the International Mesothelioma Interest Group staging system successfully identifies patients whose prognosis is poor; (4) despite more locally advanced disease in most patients with extrapleural pneumonectomy, that approach provided better local control than pleurectomy/decortication but failed to improve survival because of distant metastatic disease. Contrary to past practice, future clinical trials should stratify for histologic type, must control for TNM stage, and must consider the impact of type of surgical resection on the pattern of relapse. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG1996;111:815-26)
The management of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remains a subject of controversy because of our poor understanding of the natural history of this disease and its apparent resistance to standard forms of therapy. Prospective clinical trials evaluating novel treatment strategies for MPM are needed but require an accurate, universally accepted staging system that categorizes patients into relatively homogeneous groups. Since 1976, at least five staging systems for MPM have been proposed.
1 Two of these include specific descriptors of tumor node metastases (TNM), and the other three are based on a simple stage I through IV classification. 2-6 None of these systems is completely validated or used uniformly for survival analyses. Recently, the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) developed a surgically based TNM staging system that reconciles and updates previous staging systems by taking into consideration emerging information about the impact of T and N status on survival. 7 However, even this new staging system is not fully validated. To evaluate whether it could accurately stratify patients in future clinical trials, we retrospectively applied the IMIG staging system to a large prospective surgical registry in which T and N status were carefully assessed and patients serially followed up.
Patients and methods
All patients entered in this prospective registry had biopsy-proved MPM and had an exploratory thoracotomy done by the same surgeon (V.R.). The pathologic diagnosis was always based on both histologic tumor type and immunohistochemistry. When necessary, electron microscopy was added to confirm the diagnosis. Data collected in the registry included patient name, gender, age, date of operation, preoperative platelet count, type of procedure, extent of resection, tumor histologic type, extent of the primary tumor and presence of nodal metastases, operative morbidity and mortality, type of adjuvant therapy, date and site of first relapse, and dates of latest follow-up or death with disease status.
The primary tumor was considered potentially resectable if preoperative computed tomographic scans of the chest and abdomen did not show extrathoracic disease, clear invasion of the mediastinal organs or chest wall, or extension through the diaphragm. The decision to perform an extrapleural pneumonectomy as opposed to a pleurectomy/decortication for resection was based on the extent of visceral pleural tumor at thoracotomy. Extrapleural pneumonectomy, defined as an en-bloc resection of the pleura, lung, ipsilateral diaphragm, and pericardium, 8 was performed for locally advanced disease, usually in patients with confluent visceral pleural tumor not separable from the lung and a partially or totally fused pleural space. Pleurectomy/decortication, which removes all gross tumor without removing the underlying lung, was performed in patients who had minimal visceral pleural tumor. Partial parietal pleurectomy was sometimes performed for control of a pleural effusion if incompletely resectable tumor was found at exploration, but all pleurectomy/decortications and extrapleural pneumonectomies were performed only if it was thought that all gross tumor could be removed. Complete resection was defined as no gross residual tumor. Resection was defined as incomplete if any visible gross tumor remained at the completion of thoracotomy, even if only a few scattered tumor foci less than 5 mm in size were present.
The recently developed IMIG staging system (Table I) was applied retrospectively to each patient to determine his or her TN status and corresponding tumor stage. Staging was based on precise information about tumor extent in the operative summary dictated by the attending surgeon and on nodal involvement as recorded in the pathology report.
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9-11 Postoperative adjuvant therapy, if any, was determined by those trial protocols. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given only in the protocol setting. Patients not entered on a clinical trial usually received postoperative hemithoracic radiation. The total radiation dose and method of administration depended on whether a pneumonectomy was performed. Patients in whom thoracotomy disclosed unresectable tumor were followed up clinically until death. Patients who had a pleurectomy/decortication or extrapleural pneumonectomy were followed up by physical examination and computed tomographic scans of the chest and abdomen every 3 months until the time of first recurrence. Additional imaging studies or biopsies were performed as necessary to document recurrent disease. Thereafter, these patients were also followed up clinically until the time of death. Thus accurate information is available about the first site of relapse in these patients, but not about all subsequent sites of relapse.
Survival probabilities were calculated by the product limit method of Kaplan and Meier. 12 The prognostic significance of factors was tested in a univariate model by the log-rank statistic for categoric covariates 13 and by proportional hazards regression for continuous covariates. 14 Proportional hazards regression was used to test the prognostic significance of factors in a multivariate model. The p value was considered significant when it was less than 0.05.
Results
From October 1983 to July 1994, 131 consecutive patients with MPM underwent exploratory thoracotomy, including 108 men and 23 women with a median age of 63 years (range 32 to 80 years). A total of 101 (77%) resections were performed, including 50 extrapleural pneumonectomies and 51 pleurectomy/decortications. The resection was considered complete in 72 patients (71% of resections, 55% of all thoracotomies). The 30-day operative mortality rate was 3.8% (5/131 patients) and was 6% (3/50 patients) among the patients having extrapleural pneumonectomy. The causes of death in the two patients who had a pleurectomy/decortication were a cerebrovascular accident and multisystem failure related to massive bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract from previously unsuspected peptic ulcer disease. The causes of death in the three patients who had an extrapleural pneumonectomy were massive pulmonary embolus, respiratory failure related to underlying interstitial lung disease, and respiratory failure from fulminant pneumonia related to underlying diabetes mellitus.
The postoperative complications are shown in Table II and occurred in 33 of the 131 (25%) patients. The most common complication was atrial arrhythmia, which occurred in 11 of the patients having extrapleural pneumonectomy (22%) and two of those having pleurectomy/decortication (4%).
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All 131 patients were included in the analyses of survival rates. The median follow-up for all 131 patients was 9.4 months, 8.8 months for those having extrapleural pneumonectomy and 16.8 months for those having pleurectomy/decortication. The relatively short length of follow-up reflects the poor overall survivals in these patients, because they are all followed up until death. The median survival for patients categorized according to the type of surgical resection, the tumor T and N status, stage, and histologic type is shown in Table III. The overall survivals according to these same variables are shown in Figs. 1 to 5. In univariate analyses the patients undergoing pleurectomy/decortication had a significantly better survival than did those undergoing extrapleural pneumonectomy (p = 0.0054), and both of these groups survived significantly longer than did patients who had a palliative pleurectomy or only an exploratory thoracotomy (Fig. 1). The differences in survival according to T status (Fig. 2) were assessed by log-rank test across all T categories and were found to be significant (p = 0.0058). Because of the small numbers of patients in each group, individual comparisons are inappropriate; hence T1/T2 was compared with T3/T4. Patients with T1/T2 status had a significantly better survival (p = 0.0079). Likewise, the small number of patients with either N1 or N3 disease necessitated that patients having N0 disease be compared with those having N1-3 disease. Patients with N0 disease had a significantly better survival than did those with nodal metastases (p = 0.0074), in this case predominantly ipsilateral mediastinal nodal metastases (Fig. 3). Because the overall and median survivals for T2 and T3 tumors appeared relatively similar, these categories were further examined by N status (N0 versus N1-3). No significant differences were detected in overall survivals for T2 N0 versus T3 N0 (p = 0.77), for T2 N1-3 versus T3 N1-3 (p = 0.33), for T2 N0 versus T2 N1-3 (p = 0.28), or for T3 N0 versus T3 N1-3 (p = 0.07). However, as shown in Fig. 4, a trend toward worsening survival is related to both T and N status. The results of this analysis must be interpreted with caution because the number of patients in these TN subsets is too small to yield statistically definitive results.
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When a multivariate analysis was performed, only tumor stage (p = 0.0063), histologic type (p = 0.0064), and type of surgical procedure still had a significant influence on overall survival. Although still significant, the difference in survival between pleurectomy/decortication and extrapleural pneumonectomy was diminished in a multivariate analysis (p = 0.022).
The sites of relapse in the 101 patients who had either an extrapleural pneumonectomy or a pleurectomy/decortication are shown in Table IV. Forty-six patients had a relapse in a single disease site, and 25 had recurrent disease in multiple sites. Recurrences in the ipsilateral chest wall and mediastinum and in the region of previously resected pleura were seen in a few patients treated by extrapleural pneumonectomy but were far more common among those having pleurectomy/decortication. The ipsilateral pleura was the single most common site of recurrent tumor after pleurectomy/decortication. In contrast, relapse in distant areas was more frequent after extrapleural pneumonectomy and occurred particularly in the contralateral pleura and lung, intraabdominal organs, and peritoneum.
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For many years MPM was considered a rare and idiopathic cancer. Study of this disease did not begin in earnest until 1960, when Wagner, Slegg, and Marchand 15 established the link between asbestos exposure and the subsequent development of MPM. The treatment of MPM has gained importance because it is becoming more prevalent worldwide and is still invariably fatal. 16 During the past 30 years, our understanding of the epidemiology and pathology of MPM has been steadily improving. 17-20 However, our understanding of its natural history is still incomplete. The seemingly capricious behavior of MPM and its relative resistance to standard forms of cancer therapy often engender a sense of nihilism and an ad hoc approach to treatment. 21-25
The critical importance of an accurate staging system and of identifying significant prognostic factors is well accepted in the study and treatment of all other solid tumors. In MPM, some prognostic factors have been identified, but no universally accepted staging system exists. During the past 20 years, at least five systems have been proposed. 2-6 None is fully validated or consistently used for survival analyses. The recently developed IMIG staging system reconciles and updates earlier staging systems and provides precise TNM descriptors that can be used for radiographic, surgical, and pathologic staging of MPM. Although based on emerging information about the impact of T and N status on survival, the IMIG system is also not fully validated by large surgical series of patients with carefully staged disease. In particular, the adverse influence of nodal metastases on survival is reported in one surgical series 3 but not in others. 26 Our experience indicates that the IMIG staging system does stratify patients appropriately according to prognosis, and it confirms the adverse influence of both advanced T status and nodal metastases on overall survival. Moreover, the frequency of N2 disease in this series is higher than reported previously 3 and suggests that complete mediastinal lymph node dissection or sampling is important in accurately determining disease stage.
The systematic use of a staging system such as the IMIG system could help resolve the controversies surrounding the treatment of MPM. For instance, some authors argue that patients with MPM should receive only supportive care 21,23,24 because the natural history of MPM is variable and because no therapeutic modality appears to improve life expectancy. Yet recent data, particularly from the thoracoscopic experience of Boutin and associates, 27,28 suggest that the variation in survivals reported with supportive care alone is largely explained by the stage of disease at diagnosis and the histologic tumor type. Grouping together all patients with MPM regardless of these factors is analogous to grouping together patients with T1 N0 and stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. No therapeutic modality can be properly assessed unless applied to groups of patients with a relatively homogeneous prognosis.
The routine use of a TNM staging system could also resolve controversy over the choice of operation for patients who have potentially resectable MPM. For patients with more locally advanced tumor and extensive visceral pleural disease, only extrapleural pneumonectomy allows complete resection of all gross disease. However, for patients with minimal visceral pleural tumor, pleurectomy/decortication was advocated as a safer operation than extrapleural pneumonectomy, which previously had a reported mortality rate of 15% to 30%. 4,9 Recent experience showing that the mortality rate of extrapleural pneumonectomy can be reduced to less than 10% 26,29 has further fueled this controversy. Another aspect of this controversy is that the choice of operation has important implications for the use of adjuvant postoperative radiation. Hemithoracic radiation can be administered to a higher total dose after extrapleural pneumonectomy than after pleurectomy/decortication. 30,31 If a treatment regimen of surgical resection and postoperative radiation is planned, pleurectomy/decortication in patients with very early tumor offers a lower early mortality but potentially less effective adjuvant therapy, whereas extrapleural pneumonectomy offers a higher early mortality but potentially more effective radiotherapy.
Our experience confirms that the operative mortality of extrapleural pneumonectomy, although still higher than for a pleurectomy/decortication, is similar to that of a standard pneumonectomy in the hands of surgeons or single institutions that perform this operation frequently. However, when considered solely in a univariate analysis, pleurectomy/decortication in this series was associated with a better overall survival than extrapleural pneumonectomy. The application of a multivariate analysis to survival suggests that the type of surgical resection is much less important when considered in the context of stage and histology. Previous attempts to determine the relative benefit of extrapleural pneumonectomy versus pleurectomy/decortication have not truly taken TN status into account. Our experience emphasizes the importance of controlling for stage and histology when assessing surgical results.
Our data also corroborate a previous report from the Lung Cancer Study Group 9 suggesting that distant metastases may be the initial site of relapse more frequently after extrapleural pneumonectomy than after pleurectomy/decortication. However, this could also reflect the disease stage and prevalence of nodal metastases. These findings need to be examined further in larger numbers of patients in whom the disease has been carefully staged.
No TNM staging system fully recognizes the pathologic and biologic variables that influence survival. Many factors are reported to be prognostic in MPM, including histologic type, age, gender, performance status, length of time to diagnosis, type of symptoms, completeness of surgical resection, weight loss, history of asbestos exposure, and platelet count.28, 32-36* Some purported prognostic factors including the type of symptoms, weight loss, and performance status reflect tumor stage and were not examined in this analysis. No effect of age or gender on survival was found in our experience, but the influence of gender is difficult to assess because of the small number of women in this series. The lack of effect of complete resection on overall survival could be related to the stringent definition used in this series. Incomplete resection described patients who had minimal gross residual tumor, usually scattered islands of tumors less than 5 mm in size. Patients who would have had more extensive residual tumor were simply not offered resection with curative intent. Importantly, our experience confirms the beneficial impact of epithelial histology, which has been the most consistent prognostic factor across all reported series.
In summary, this experience with patients in whom the extent of disease was carefully staged at thoracotomy suggests that the new IMIG staging system for MPM accurately classifies patients according to prognosis. Current information about the impact of N1 versus N2 nodal metastases is inadequate to distinguish between involvement of these two nodal groups. In this series, N1 nodes in the resected specimen were not always specifically examined by the pathologist; therefore the true prevalence of N1 disease is unknown. It is possible that N2 nodes are involved earlier or more frequently in MPM because the tumor arises in the parietal pleura and involves the entire pleural space. The differential influence of N1 and N2 nodes should be examined in future surgical series. The importance of histologic type is confirmed and suggests that patients should be stratified according to whether they have epithelial tumors or one of the other histologic subtypes of MPM. Additional careful clinicopathologic correlation in large prospective surgical series is needed to test the validity of the IMIG staging system and to determine whether the T and N descriptors should be revised or combined into broader stage classifications. For example, it is possible that the T2 and T3 categories will prove to have overall survivals that are sufficiently similar to warrant collapsing these descriptors into a single group. Likewise, much more information is needed about the prevalence of N1 and N3 nodal metastases and the influence of these nodal groups on outcome. However, at present the analysis of this series suggests that future clinical trials should include careful TNM staging with the IMIG system and stratification by histologic type to assess whether new treatment strategies alter overall survival.
Appendix: Discussion
Dr. Douglas J. Mathisen (Boston, Mass.)
Can you explain the difference between palliative pleurectomy and pleurectomy/decortication? There was a survival difference, and I think it would be important to explain this difference.
Dr. Rusch
Patients who had a pleurectomy/decortication with therapeutic intent had all or almost all gross tumor removed. Patients who had a "palliative" pleurectomy had an exploratory operation in which the intent was to resect, but the tumor could not be completely removed and only a parietal pleurectomy was done to control the effusion. Thus "palliative" pleurectomy was a much less extensive resection.
Dr. Malcolm M. DeCamp (Boston, Mass.)
Your paper underscores one of the universal problems in mesothelioma—trying to determine who should receive aggressive surgical therapy and who should receive palliative therapy with less invasive techniques. In this retrospective series, how hard was it to get your pathologists to evaluate pleurectomy specimens and assign them specific T stages? You have carefully defined T in terms of 1A, 1B, 2, and so on. Was that difficult? We have a difficult problem getting our pathologists to accurately evaluate depth of invasion at so many different margins.
Dr. Rusch
I think it is difficult, perhaps impossible, for pathologists to examine margins in this disease, although I am aware that at the Brigham there has been an effort to do so. This staging system is primarily designed to stage the disease surgically either at thoracoscopy or thoracotomy. The T status is established by the surgical findings, not necessarily the pathologic findings. The N status, of course, is established pathologically.
Dr. Robert J. Ginsberg (New York, N.Y.)
It has been about 30 years since the first attempt at staging mesothelioma was made. As Dr. Rusch rightly pointed out, there are six or seven staging systems, and every article espouses a different staging system. In 1985, when we adopted the new staging system for lung cancer, it was not difficult for us to quickly adapt it to all reports. In fact, the two American thoracic surgical journals agreed that within 1 year the new staging system had to be used in all reported results of lung cancer. I would urge that everybody reporting their results of mesothelioma use this new staging system, which does seem to apply and is similar to the TNM staging system that was proposed with some modifications. It would be worthwhile for our journals to accept only articles reported in the new staging system. All of the data that Dr. Rusch analyzed were restaged from the pathology reports. It is not that difficult to analyze the surgical staging and the pathologic staging from these reports and reclassify them according to this new staging system.
Dr. Rusch
Thank you for the endorsement. I would emphasize that the IMIG does not consider this a perfect staging system. We realize this is a first pass. We hope that the application of this staging system both retrospectively and prospectively will enable us to refine it just as has been done for non-small-cell cancer.
Acknowledgments
We thank Melody Owens for her assistance in data management and the preparation of this manuscript.
Footnotes
From the Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery,a and the Biostatistics Service, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,b Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, N.Y. 
Read at the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Boston, Mass., April 23-26, 1995.
*Chahian AP: Personal communication.
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T. Aziz, A. Jilaihawi, and D. Prakash The management of malignant pleural mesothelioma; single centre experience in 10 years Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2002; 22(2): 298 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Mikulski, J. J. Costanzi, N. J. Vogelzang, S. McCachren, R. N. Taub, H. Chun, A. Mittelman, T. Panella, C. Puccio, R. Fine, et al. Phase II Trial of a Single Weekly Intravenous Dose of Ranpirnase in Patients With Unresectable Malignant Mesothelioma J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2002; 20(1): 274 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. W. Rusch, K. Rosenzweig, E. Venkatraman, L. Leon, A. Raben, L. Harrison, M. S. Bains, R. J. Downey, and R. J. Ginsberg A phase II trial of surgical resection and adjuvant high-dose hemithoracic radiation for malignant pleural mesothelioma J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2001; 122(4): 788 - 795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committ Statement on malignant mesothelioma in the United Kingdom Thorax, April 1, 2001; 56(4): 250 - 265. [Full Text]
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G. Maggi, C. Casadio, R. Cianci, O. Rena, and E. Ruffini Trimodality management of malignant pleural mesothelioma Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 2001; 19(3): 346 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J G Edwards, K R Abrams, J N Leverment, T J Spyt, D A Waller, and K J O'Byrne Prognostic factors for malignant mesothelioma in 142 patients: validation of CALGB and EORTC prognostic scoring systems Thorax, September 1, 2000; 55(9): 731 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. B. Schneider, C. Clary-Macy, S. Challa, K. C. Sasse, S. H. Merrick, R. Hawkins, G. Caputo, and D. Jablons Positron emission tomography with f18-fluorodeoxyglucose in the staging and preoperative evaluation of malignant pleural mesothelioma J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2000; 120(1): 128 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.W. Grossebner, A.A. Arifi, M. Goddard, and A.J. Ritchie Mesothelioma - VATS biopsy and lung mobilization improves diagnosis and palliation Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., December 1, 1999; 16(6): 619 - 623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. G. Butchart Contemporary Management of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Oncologist, December 1, 1999; 4(6): 488 - 500. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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V. W. Rusch and E. S. Venkatraman Important prognostic factors in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, managed surgically Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 1999; 68(5): 1799 - 1804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. H. Sterman, L. R. Kaiser, and S. M. Albelda Advances in the Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Chest, August 1, 1999; 116(2): 504 - 520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M B Jackson, D Pounder, C Price, A W Matthews, and E Neville Percutaneous cervical cordotomy for the control of pain in patients with pleural mesothelioma Thorax, March 1, 1999; 54(3): 238 - 241. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. L. Moskal, T. J. Dougherty, J. D. Urschel, J. G. Antkowiak, A.-M. Regal, D. L. Driscoll, and H. Takita Operation and photodynamic therapy for pleural mesothelioma: 6-year follow-up Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 1998; 66(4): 1128 - 1133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. I. Pass, B. K. Temeck, K. Kranda, S. M. Steinberg, and I. R. Feuerstein Preoperative Tumor Volume Is Associated With Outcome In Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., February 1, 1998; 115(2): 310 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. B. Campbell Malignant Mesothelioma Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 1997; 63(5): 1503 - 1505. [Full Text]
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