HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Meijboom, F. Articles by Hess, J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Meijboom, F. Articles by Hess, J.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:1158-1168
© 1996 Mosby, Inc.

SURGERY FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP (10 TO 17 YEARS) AFTER MUSTARD REPAIR FOR TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES

F. M. supported by grant JH 8802 from the Netherlands Heart Foundation.

Received for publication March 8, 1995; Accepted for publication July 5, 1995. Address for reprints: Folkert Meijboom, MD, Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr Molewater plein 60, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Abstract

Background: The management strategies of patients who underwent Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries were changed in the 1970s: infants became eligible for direct surgical repair, so Blalock-Hanlon atrioseptostomy could be avoided, and cold cardioplegia was introduced for myocardial preservation. Data are lacking, however, regarding whether these changes have had positive effects on the long-term outcome. We therefore conducted a follow-up study on all 91 patients who underwent a Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries in our institution between 1973 and 1980 to assess the incidence and clinical importance of sequelae as well as health-related quality of life for these patients. Methods: Patients who were alive and could be traced through local registrar's offices received an invitation to participate in the follow-up study, which consisted of an interview, physical examination, echocardiography, exercise testing, and standard 12-lead and 24-hour electrocardiography. Results: Patients operated on in the first 4 years had a significantly higher mortality rate and higher incidence of sinus node dysfunction than did patients operated on in the subsequent 4 years (25% vs 2% and 41% vs 3%, respectively). In contrast, the incidence of baffle obstruction necessitating reoperation was significantly higher in the second group. There were no significant differences in echocardiographic findings and exercise capacity between patients operated on in the first 4 years and in the subsequent 4 years. None of the patients had right ventricular failure; a mild degree of baffle leakage or obstruction was seen in 22% of the patients, and the mean exercise capacity was decreased to 84% ± 16% of normal. Conclusion: The changes introduced between 1973 and 1980 have resulted in a considerable reduction of mortality and incidence of sinus node dysfunction but have also resulted in a more frequent need for reoperation. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1996;111:1158-68)

Since the introduction of the atrial switch procedure, the outlook for patients with transposition of the great arteries has improved considerably. ¹ The first follow-up results reported in 1972 by El Said and colleagues, ² however, made clear that right ventricular failure, sinus node dysfunction, and baffle-related problems were serious drawbacks of these surgical techniques. After the introduction of the arterial switch, the atrial switch procedure was therefore gradually abandoned as the treatment of choice. Cardiologists are now seeing a large number of patients who underwent Mustard or Senning procedures with late complications, and this number will probably increase in the future. There is little information about the real incidence of complications, because long-term studies on consecutive series of patients who are actually examined at follow-up are scarce. ^3,4 Changes in surgical techniques were introduced in the 1970s to reduce the incidence of sequelae, but data are lacking regarding whether these had positive effects on the long-term outcome. We therefore conducted a follow-up study to evaluate the anatomic, hemodynamic, and electrophysiologic status, as well as the health-related quality of life, of all patients who underwent a Mustard repair in our institution between 1973 and 1980.

Methods

Patient selection and follow-up procedure
At our institution, in the period between 1973 and 1980, 91 patients younger than 15 years of age underwent Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries. All operations were performed by the same surgeon. The year 1973 was chosen as starting point because the first Mustard repair was performed in our institution in that year, and 1980 was chosen as the endpoint to ensure at least 10 years of follow-up. The follow-up study started in April 1989. Patients were traced through the offices of local registrars. Eighteen patients had died and five had moved abroad. The remaining 68 patients received letters explaining the objective of the study and inviting them to participate. Fifty-eight patients (79% of the survivors, 85% of those eligible for follow-up) responded positively and took part in an extensive cardiologic examination in 1990 and 1991. Forty of these patients (69%) were male and 18 (31%) were female. The mean (± standard deviation) interval between operation and follow-up was 14.0 ± 2.1 years (range 10.1 to 17.6 years). Age at follow-up was 15.8 ± 3.9 years (range 10.4 to 27.8 years). Baseline characteristics were derived from the patient files. Examination at follow-up consisted of medical history, physical examination, standard 12-lead and 24-hour electrocardiography, exercise testing, M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, and pulsed, continuous-wave, and color-flow Doppler studies. The study was approved by the local Medical Ethical Review Board.

Measurements and definitions
Transposition of the great arteries was defined as "simple" if there were no concomitant abnormalities or minor abnormalities such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect that did not require surgical closure, or a persisting ductus arteriosus. If the concomitant abnormality was a left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or a ventricular septal defect that required surgical closure, the transposition was defined as "complex."

Medical history
The medical history comprised a questionnaire from the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics that has been validated with a sample of 1510 Dutch adults younger than 35 years. ⁵ It uses standardized multiple-choice questions to elicit a person's assessment of his or her health status.

Echocardiographic examination
Echocardiographic examination was performed with a Toshiba SSH 160-A echocardiograph (Toshiba Medical Systems B.V., Woerden, The Netherlands). Baffle obstruction was diagnosed if there was evidence of obstruction in the two-dimensional image and the Doppler flow pattern in superior or inferior vena cava showed a pattern with a maximal antegrade flow in ventricular systole rather than diastole, which is the normal pattern after a Mustard repair. ^6,7 Obstruction to pulmonary venous drainage was diagnosed if the peak velocity of the pulmonary vein flow at the junction with the pulmonary venous atrium exceeded 1.5 m/sec. Right ventricular dimensions and contractility were judged by visual estimation of an experienced echocardiographer and a pediatric cardiologist. We did not measure these features because they are generally considered to be unquantifiable. Right ventricular dysfunction was defined to be present if there were gross dilatation and poor contractility of the right ventricle in the presence of a substantial tricuspid regurgitation and a flow velocity in the ascending aorta of less than 0.7 m/sec. The degree of tricuspid regurgitation (minimal, moderate, or severe) was estimated with color-flow Doppler scan by the width and length of the regurgitant. Pulmonary hypertension was assumed to be present if pulmonary regurgitation with a flow velocity exceeding 3.5 m/sec was found or if mitral regurgitation with a flow velocity greater than 4.0 m/sec was found in the absence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Left ventricular pressure was calculated by applying the simplified Bernoulli equation to the flow velocity of the mitral regurgitation (if present) or the flow velocity in the pulmonary artery. If the velocity of this jet exceeded 3.5 m/sec and the left ventricle was not flattened but had a round shape, left ventricular pressure was considered to be elevated.

Maximal exercise capacity
Maximal exercise capacity was assessed by bicycle ergometry with stepwise increments of the workload of 20 W/min. Patients were encouraged to exercise until exhaustion. Patients were excluded from the exercise test if they could not be motivated to exercise maximally or if a concomitant factor (such as asthma, psychomotor retardation, or spastic hemiplegia) might influence the outcome of the test.

Arrhythmia.
Sinus node dysfunction was defined to be present when the patient had a bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, atrial flutter, or atrial fibrillation. The following supraventricular arrhythmias were considered to be indications of sinus node dysfunction (criteria according to Kugler ⁸): sinoatrial block, a sinus arrhythmia with a beat-to-beat variation of the heart rate of more than 200%, sudden change from sinus rhythm to an escape rhythm with a frequency more than 25% lower than the sinus rhythm, nighttime bradycardia of less than 30 beats/min and daytime bradycardia of less than 40 beats/min. Ectopic ventricular activity recorded during the 24-hour electrocardiogram was considered abnormal if monoform premature ventricular contractions occurred at a rate greater than 3600 events/24 hours or if premature ventricular contractions were multiform or seen as doublets or ventricular tachycardia. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was defined as more than 3 but fewer than 10 consecutive beats originating from a ventricle, with a heart rate faster than 120 beats/min.

Data analysis
Because the study population was not homogeneous in terms of baseline characteristics as a result of the changes in age at operation, type of palliation before Mustard repair (Blalock-Hanlon or balloon atrioseptostomy only), and surgical techniques (complete cardiopulmonary bypass or circulatory arrest with deep hypothermia, use of cold cardioplegia) that were gradually introduced between 1973 and 1980, the population was divided into two groups. All analyses were performed for the total group of patients and separately for patients operated on in the first 4 years (1973 to 1976) and patients operated on in the subsequent 4 years (1977 to 1980). Survival was calculated according to Kaplan-Meier analysis. The 2 test and Fisher's Exact Test were used for the comparison of discrete variables and Student's t-test to compare normally distributed continuous variables in two groups. In the presence of a non-Gaussian distribution, the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test was used. Comparison of continuous variables in more than two groups was performed with analysis of variance. All values are expressed with their mean value ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated. In all analyses, the level of significance was chosen at p < 0.05.

Results

Baseline characteristics
The baseline characteristics of the total group of 91 patients are shown in Table I. Significant differences between the first and 4-year second periods are indicated in this table. Between the 58 patients who participated in the follow-up study and the 15 patients who were known to be alive but did not participate, there were no significant differences with respect to morphologic diagnosis (simple vs complex transposition), type of palliation before Mustard repair, year of operation, and age at the time of surgical repair.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Fifteen-year survival curves after Mustard operation. Dashed line represents patients operated on between 1977 and 1980; solid line represents patients operated on between 1973 and 1976.

Reoperation.
Fig. 2 shows the 15 year event-free survival; death and reoperation were defined as events. Types of surgical reintervention are listed in Table I. The interval between Mustard operation and pacemaker implantation was 7.5 ± 3.6 years (range 2.7 to 13.8 years). The interval between Mustard repair and reoperation was 6.7 ± 4.0 years (range 1.9 to 11.3 years). Indication for pacemaker implantation was either treatment of a very low escape rhythm (as a result of sinus node dysfunction or a complete atrioventricular block) or provision of a backup in patients who needed antiarrhythmic medication for symptomatic tachycardia. Indication for an arterial switch after Mustard repair was pulmonary venous obstruction that had led to elevated left ventricular systolic pressure in one patient and a large residual nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect, which also resulted in an elevated left ventricular systolic pressure, in another patient. Reoperation was not associated with mortality.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Fifteen-year event-free survival curves after Mustard operation. Death and reoperation were defined as events. Dashed line represents patients operated on between 1977 and 1980; solid line represents patients operated on between 1973 and 1976.

View larger version (26K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Values for height and body weight for female patients at follow-up after Mustard operation. P represents percentile, with P10 being the 10th percentile.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Values for height and body weight for male patients at follow-up after Mustard operation. P represents percentile, with P10 being 10th percentile.

There were no significant differences in exercise capacity between several subgroups that were analyzed separately: patients with "normal Mustard anatomy" versus patients with echocardiographic evidence of anatomic or hemodynamic sequelae, patients with signs of sinus node dysfunction versus patients without, patients with antiarrhythmic medication versus patients without, patients with simple transposition versus patients with complex transposition, patients operated on before 1977 versus patients operated on afterwards, and patients younger than 1 year at the time of the operation versus those older than 1 year.

The patients who judged their health to be "excellent" had a maximal exercise capacity of 94% ± 15% of predicted, the patients who judged it to be "good" had a maximal exercise capacity of 81% ± 19%, and those who judged their health to be "fair" had a maximal exercise capacity of 71% ± 16%. These differences are significant (p = 0.02). Patients who reported early fatigue at exercise had a significantly lower exercise capacity than did patients who judged their exercise capacity to be normal. None of the patients had increased ventricular ectopic activity during or directly after the exercise test.

Standard 12-lead electrocardiography.
A narrow QRS pattern was seen in 49 patients (86%), 47 of whom had signs of right ventricular dominance. The two patients who underwent arterial switch operation after Mustard repair had completely normal electrocardiograms. Eight patients had a wide QRS-pattern: five had a right bundle branch block and three had a left bundle branch block. Thirty-five patients (60%) had a regular sinus rhythm, eight patients (14%) had a stable atrial rhythm, four patients (7%) had a stable junctional rhythm, and three patients (5%) had a supraventricular rhythm with a wandering pacemaker. Of the remaining eight patients, seven (12%) had a pacemaker rhythm and one (2%) had an atrial flutter with 3:1 conduction. The mean PR interval was 0.16 ± 0.03 seconds (range 0.08 to 0.26 seconds). None of the 10 patients with echocardiographic evidence of elevated left ventricular pressure had electrocardiographic signs of increased left ventricular activity. There were no electrocardiographic differences between the group of patients who originally had simple transposition of the great arteries and the group with complex transposition.

Twenty-four hour electrocardiography.
The results of the 24-hour electrocardiogram, which could be obtained for all 58 patients, are shown in Table IV. Eight of these 58 patients had a pacemaker implanted in the past. Seven had predominantly pacemaker rhythm. The remaining patient, who had a pacemaker (and was taking digoxin and propranolol) because of sinus node dysfunction, had no pacemaker activity during the 24-hour electrocardiogram but had continuous atrial flutter. The 24-hour electrocardiograms of the six patients who used antiarrhythmic medication (two of whom had pacemakers to support the antiarrhythmic treatment) showed atrial flutter in two patients, bradycardia-tachycardia in one patient, a continuous pacemaker rhythm in one patient, and no arrhythmia in two patients.

There were no differences in the incidence of ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmia between patients with simple and complex transpositions or between patients with "normal Mustard anatomy" and patients with anatomic or hemodynamic sequelae. Atrial flutter or bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome was seen in five of the nine patients who had a Blalock-Hanlon atrioseptostomy before Mustard repair and in two of the 17 patients who had a Rashkind procedure in the same period (p = 0.02). At multivariate analysis, none of the possible risk factors for sinus node dysfunction (older age at the time of the surgical correction, no cold cardioplegia, Blalock-Hanlon atrioseptostomy) reached statistical significance.

Discussion

There is a striking difference in outcome between patients operated on before 1977 and those operated on afterward. In the early group, both late mortality (25%) and incidence of sinus node dysfunction (41%) were significantly higher than in the late group (2% and 3%, respectively). It is unlikely that these differences are the result of the differences in interval after operation because the mean interval between Mustard repair and event (death or pacemaker implantation for sinus node dysfunction) was significantly shorter than even the minimum duration of follow-up for the late group. In contrast to others, ^9,10 we therefore conclude that the better outcome in the late group is the positive net effect of management changes designed to prevent sinus node dysfunction and sudden death. It is likely that older age at the time of the operation (longer duration of severe hypoxemia, which could affect the myocardium), scarring of the atrium (Blalock-Hanlon atrioseptostomy), limited myocardial preservation during operation (no cold cardioplegia), and lesser experience of the surgeon all contributed to the greater rate of events in the early group. Multivariate analysis, however, failed to single out a single statistically significant independent determinant. We agree with others ^3,11 that the prognosis for patients with a Mustard-type correction is not necessarily as dim as expected on the basis of earlier data. ¹²

However, despite the apparent good survival and the low incidence of sinus node dysfunction in the group of patients operated on since 1977, it is evident that there remains ample reason for concern for most patients that cardiologists will see in daily practice because many patients were operated on in the earlier years of cardiac surgery.

Arrhythmia
Although not entirely absent in the late group, the problem of sinus node dysfunction is almost completely confined to the early group of patients. This is probably a reflection of the state of the art of cardiac surgery in the early years, before improvements had been implemented.

It is noteworthy that one patient died suddenly, probably of arrhythmia, despite the presence of a pacemaker. This finding is in agreement with reports of others that implantation of a pacemaker does not totally prevent sudden death, ¹⁰ which is probably caused by ventricular fibrillation, whether induced by supraventricular arrhythmia or not. Because of the association between arrhythmia and late death, it seems justified to approach these arrhythmias more aggressively; implantable antitachyarrhythmic devices should be considered in selected patients.

Indications of sinus node dysfunction according to Kugler ⁸ were often present in the early group (37%) but were also found in the late group (19%). The interpretation of these arrhythmias detected on a surface electrocardiogram is hazardous, and one can only speculate on the causative mechanism and clinical relevance. On the one hand, they can be considered normal because they have been reported to occur also in the normal population. ^13-15 On the other hand, it is known from electrophysiologic studies that sinus node recovery time is abnormal in as many as 84% of patients after Mustard repair. ^16,17 It is therefore possible that these subtle signs of sinus node dysfunction represent real damage to the sinus node. An already damaged sinus node might be more vulnerable to the changes as a result of aging, such as loss of number of sinus node muscle cells ^18,19 and deterioration of sinus node function, ^20,21 which explains an elevated incidence of arrhythmia in "normal" older people. Clearly, longer follow-up is needed.

Anatomic and hemodynamic sequelae
The clinical importance of most of the anatomic and hemodynamic sequelae appears to be limited. These sequelae were associated neither with decreased exercise capacity (compared with patients without sequelae), nor with complaints, nor with increased incidence of arrhythmia. None of the sequelae that were detected at follow-up resulted in reoperation. Three patients (5%) had serious sequelae that were not amenable to repair: two patients had pulmonary hypertension and one patient had severe tricuspid regurgitation.

Reoperation
Reoperations for baffle leakage or obstruction were confined to the late group. The technical difficulty of creating an adequate sized baffle in the smaller children operated on during this period is probably the cause of these problems. ²² There was no mortality associated with reoperation, but three of these patients had echocardiographic evidence of residual baffle problems at follow-up. We therefore conclude that reoperation for baffle obstruction or leakage can be performed safely but is not always successful from a functional point of view.

Exercise capacity
Exercise capacity was equally diminished in both early and late group. Apparently, the changes that led to improved survival and a lower incidence of sinus node dysfunction have not improved exercise capacity. The cause of decreased exercise capacity after Mustard repair remains a subject of controversy. It is even questioned whether decreased exercise capacity is inherent in the Mustard type repair. ^23-26 We believe that decreased exercise capacity is the result of the Mustard repair and is not the result of a flaw in the exercise study protocol because we found completely normal exercise capacity (with the same test protocol and normal values) in patients of the same age group after surgical closure of atrial septal defect or ventricular septal defect. ^27,28 This corresponds with the perception of the patients themselves that they fatigue earlier than others. The fact that exercise capacity corresponds well with patients' health self-assessment underlines the fact that exercise capacity is an important determinant of health-related quality of life.

Right ventricular capability
The ability of the right ventricle to function as the systemic ventricle for a lifetime is the last concern. In contrast to others, we did not find right ventricular failure in any of the survivors. ²⁹ Others have demonstrated with serial measurements that right ventricular performance did not deteriorate through the years. ³⁰ Questions about long-term right ventricular function nevertheless remain, and only longer duration of follow-up of this specific patient group can answer them.

We conclude that the incidences of sinus node dysfunction and late sudden death are high in the total group of patients who underwent Mustard-type repair in our institution between 1973 and 1980. The changes in management strategies that have been introduced during this period, however, have resulted in considerable reduction in incidence of these late complications. This change makes the long-term outlook for patients better probably than previously believed on the basis of earlier data, but the frequent need for reoperation and the reduced exercise capacity show that the Mustard repair continues to have restrictions, even for these patients.

We thank Ron van Domburg, MS, for his assistance in making a database-management system available on personal computer and for his advice on data management and analysis, Eric Boersma for the statistical analysis of data, and Jacky McGhie for the excellent technical support in the echocardiography laboratory.

Footnotes

From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology,^a and Department of Child Psychiatry,^b Sophia Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Cardiology^c and Cardiopulmonary Surgery,^d Thoraxcentre, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

References

1. Liebman J, Cullum L, Belloc NB. The natural history of transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 1969;40:237-41.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
2. El Said G, Rosenberg HS, Mullins CE, Hallman GH, Cooley DA, McNamara D. Dysrhythmias after Mustard's operation for transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1972;30:526-32.[Medline]
   
3. Hayes CJ, Gersony WM. Arrhythmias after the Mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries: a long-term study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:133-7.[Abstract]
   
4. Turley K, Hanley FL, Verrier ED, Merrick SH, Ebert PA. The Mustard procedure in infants (less than 100 days of age). J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG1988;96:849-53.
   
5. Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Continuous quality of life survey of the Dutch population 1990. The Hague: SDU Publishers, 1990.
   
6. Wyse RK, Haworth SG, Taylor JF, Macartney FJ. Obstruction of superior vena caval pathway after Mustard repair. Br Heart J 1979;42:162-7.[Free Full Text]
   
7. Parsons JM, Qureshi SA, Ladusans EJ, et al. Doppler evaluation of superior caval venous pathways after Mustard and Senning operations. Int J Cardiol 1990;27:19-26.[Medline]
   
8. Kugler JD. Sinus node dysfunction. In: Garson A, Bricker JT, McNamara DG, eds. The science and practice of pediatric cardiology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:1751-85.
   
9. Gewillig M, Cullen S, Mertens B, Lesaffre E, Deanfield J. Risk factors for arrhythmia and death after Mustard operation for simple transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 1991;84(Suppl 3):III187-92.
   
10. Flinn CF, Wolff GS, Dick M, et al. Cardiac rhythm after the Mustard operation for complete transposition of the great arteries. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1635-8.[Abstract]
    
11. de Begona JA, Kawauchi M, Fullerton D, Razzouk AJ, Gundry SR, Bailey LL. The Mustard procedure for correction of simple transposition of the great arteries before 1 month of age. J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1992;104:1218-24.[Abstract]
    
12. Morris CD, Menashe VD. 25-Year mortality after surgical repair of congenital heart defect in childhood. JAMA 1991;266:3447-52.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
13. Brodsky M, Wu D, Denes P, Kanakis C, Rosen KM. Arrhythmias documented by 24 hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring in 50 male medical students without apparent heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1977;39:390-5.[Medline]
    
14. Dickinson DF, Scott O. Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in 100 healthy teenage boys. Br Heart J 1984;51:179-83.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
15. Nagashima M, Matsushima M, Ogawa A, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in healthy children revealed by 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring. Pediatr Cardiol 1987;8:103-8.[Medline]
    
16. Bink-Boelkens MT, Bergstra A, Cromme-Dijkhuis AH, Eygelaar A, Landsman MJ, Mooyaart E. The asymptomatic child a long time after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. Ann Thorac Surg 1989;47:45-50.[Abstract]
    
17. Gillette PC, Kugler JD, Garson A, Gutgesell HP, Duff DD, McNamara DG. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1980;45:1225-30.[Medline]
    
18. Davies MJ, Pomerance A. Quantitative study of ageing changes in the human sinoatrial node and internodal tracts. Br Heart J 1972;34:150-2.[Free Full Text]
    
19. Holmes DR, Packer DL. Cardiac arrhythmias: anatomic and pathophysiologic concepts. In: Giuliani ER, Fuster V, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, McGoon DC, eds. Cardiology: fundamentals and practice. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby–Year Book, 1991:861-76.
    
20. Kuga K, Yamaguchi I, Sugishita Y. Age-related changes of sinus node function and autonomic regulation in subjects without sinus node disease-assessment by pharmacologic autonomic blockade. Jpn Circ J 1993;57:760-8.[Medline]
    
21. de Marneffe M, Gregoire JM, Waterschoot P, Kestemont MP. The sinus node function: normal and pathological. Eur Heart J 1993;14:649-54.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
22. Neches WH, Park SC, Ettedgui JA. Transposition of the great arteries. In: Garson A, Bricker JT, McNamara DG, eds. The science and practice of pediatric cardiology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990:1175-212.
    
23. Paridon SM, Humes RA, Pinsky WW. The role of chronotropic impairment during exercise after the Mustard operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:729-32.[Abstract]
    
24. Musewe NN, Reisman J, Benson LN, et al. Cardiopulmonary adaption at rest and during exercise 10 years after Mustard atrial repair for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 1988;77:1055-61.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
25. Mathews RA, Fricker FJ, Beerman LB, et al. Exercise studies after the Mustard operation in transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:1526-9.[Medline]
    
26. Hochreiter C, Snyder MS, Borer JS, Engle MA. Right and left ventricular performance 10 years after Mustard repair of transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:478-82.[Medline]
    
27. Meijboom F, Hess J, Szatmari A, et al. Long-term follow-up (9 to 20 years) after surgical closure of atrial septal defect at a young age. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:1431-4.[Medline]
    
28. Meijboom F, Szatmari A, Utens EM, et al. Long-term follow-up after surgical closure of ventricular septal defect in infancy and childhood. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1358-64.[Abstract]
    
29. Williams WG, Trusler GA, Kirklin JW, et al. Early and late results of a protocol for simple transposition leading to an atrial switch (Mustard) repair. J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1988;957:717-26.
    
30. Wong KY, Venables AW, Kelly MJ, Kalff V. Longitudinal study of ventricular function after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries: a long term follow up. Br Heart J 1988;60:316-23.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. Gratz, J. Hess, and A. Hager Self-estimated physical functioning poorly predicts actual exercise capacity in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2009; 30(4): 497 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S Fratz, M Hauser, F M Bengel, A Hager, H Kaemmerer, M Schwaiger, J Hess, and H C Stern Myocardial scars determined by delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are not common in right ventricles with systemic function in long-term follow up Heart, November 1, 2006; 92(11): 1673 - 1677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P Moons, K Van Deyk, S De Geest, M Gewillig, and W Budts Is the severity of congenital heart disease associated with the quality of life and perceived health of adult patients? Heart, September 1, 2005; 91(9): 1193 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A Hager and J Hess Comparison of health related quality of life with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease Heart, April 1, 2005; 91(4): 517 - 520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Moons, K. Van Deyk, W. Budts, and S. De Geest Caliber of Quality-of-Life Assessments in Congenital Heart Disease: A Plea for More Conceptual and Methodological Rigor Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, November 1, 2004; 158(11): 1062 - 1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.H.M. van Rijen, E.M.W.J. Utens, J.W. Roos-Hesselink, F.J. Meijboom, R.T. van Domburg, J.R.T.C. Roelandt, A.J.J.C. Bogers, and F.C. Verhulst Medical predictors for psychopathology in adults with operated congenital heart disease Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2004; 25(18): 1605 - 1613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A.E. Kammeraad, C. H.M. van Deurzen, N. Sreeram, M. Th.E. Bink-Boelkens, J. Ottenkamp, W. A. Helbing, J. Lam, M. A. Sobotka-Plojhar, O. Daniels, and S. Balaji Predictors of sudden cardiac death after mustard or senning repair for transposition of the great arteries J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2004; 44(5): 1095 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Guedes, L.-A. Mercier, L. Leduc, L. Berube, F. Marcotte, and A. Dore Impact of pregnancy on the systemic right ventricle after a Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 21, 2004; 44(2): 433 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.W Roos-Hesselink, F.J Meijboom, S.E.C Spitaels, R van Domburg, E.H.M van Rijen, E.M.W.J Utens, J McGhie, E Bos, A.J.J.C Bogers, and M.L Simoons Decline in ventricular function and clinical condition after mustard repair for transposition of the great arteries (a prospective study of 22-29 years) Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2004; 25(14): 1264 - 1270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Moons, L. De Bleser, W. Budts, T. Sluysmans, D. De Wolf, M. Massin, M. Gewillig, A. Pasquet, B. Suys, and A. Vliers Health status, functional abilities, and quality of life after the Mustard or Senning operation Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2004; 77(4): 1359 - 1365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P Moons, M Gewillig, T Sluysmans, H Verhaaren, P Viart, M Massin, B Suys, W Budts, A Pasquet, D De Wolf, et al. Long term outcome up to 30 years after the Mustard or Senning operation: a nationwide multicentre study in Belgium Heart, March 1, 2004; 90(3): 307 - 313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. L. Culbert, D. A. Ashburn, G. Cullen-Dean, J. A. Joseph, W. G. Williams, E. H. Blackstone, and B. W. McCrindle Quality of Life of Children After Repair of Transposition of the Great Arteries Circulation, August 19, 2003; 108(7): 857 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. G. Williams, B. W. McCrindle, D. A. Ashburn, R. A. Jonas, C. Mavroudis, E. H. Blackstone, and the members of the Congenital Heart Surgeon's Soci Outcomes of 829 neonates with complete transposition of the great arteries 12-17 years after repair Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., July 1, 2003; 24(1): 1 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E.H.M van Rijen, E.M.W.J Utens, J.W Roos-Hesselink, F.J Meijboom, R.T van Domburg, J.R.T.C Roelandt, A.J.J.C Bogers, and F.C Verhulst Psychosocial functioning of the adult with congenital heart disease: a 20-33 years follow-up Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2003; 24(7): 673 - 683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. A. Hutter, D. L. Kreb, S. F. Mantel, J. F. Hitchcock, E. J. Meijboom, and G. B. W. E. Bennink Twenty-five years' experience with the arterial switch operation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2002; 124(4): 790 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. P. Nieminen, E. V. Jokinen, and H. I. Sairanen Late Results of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery in Finland: A Population-Based Study With 96% Follow-Up Circulation, July 31, 2001; 104(5): 570 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T Reybrouck, B Eyskens, L Mertens, J Defoor, W Daenen, and M Gewillig Cardiorespiratory exercise function after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2001; 22(12): 1052 - 1059. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. J. Wilson, P. M. Clarkson, B. G. Barratt-Boyes, A. L. Calder, R. M. L. Whitlock, R. N. Easthope, and J. M. Neutze Long-term outcome after the mustard repair for simple transposition of the great arteries: 28-year follow-up J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 1998; 32(3): 758 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Myers Transposition of the Great Arteries Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 1997; 63(3): 895 - 898. [Full Text]

				M. Vogel, M. R. Schmidt, S. B. Kristiansen, M. Cheung, P. A. White, K. Sorensen, and A. N. Redington Validation of Myocardial Acceleration During Isovolumic Contraction as a Novel Noninvasive Index of Right Ventricular Contractility: Comparison With Ventricular Pressure-Volume Relations in an Animal Model Circulation, April 9, 2002; 105(14): 1693 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Meijboom, F. Articles by Hess, J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Meijboom, F. Articles by Hess, J.