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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:1352-1360
© 1996 Mosby, Inc.

GENERAL THORACIC SURGERY

RESULTS OF VIDEO-ASSISTED THYMECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Received for publication May 3, 1996 Revisions requested June 10, 1996; revisions received July 12, 1996 accepted for publication July 15, 1996 Address for reprints: Michael J. Mack, MD, Cardiothoracic Surgery Associates of North Texas P.A., 7777 Forest Lane, Suite 323-A, Dallas, TX 75230.

Abstract

Objective: The efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery for thymectomy with myasthenia gravis has not been examined. Methods: Thirty-three consecutive patients underwent total thymectomy by video-assisted techniques between 1992 and 1995. There were 13 male and 20 female patients with a mean age of 38.42 ± 16.88 years (range 9 to 84 years). The procedures were performed by either a right (n = 11) or left (n = 22) thoracoscopic approach and all anterior mediastinal tissue was removed. Results: There was no perioperative mortality or long-term morbidity. One patient required conversion of the video-assisted thechnque to a lateral thoracotomy. All patients except one were extubated immediately. The mean hospital stay was 4.12 ± 6.07 days (range 1 to 37 days) with a median of 3 days. Mean follow-up is 23.39 ± 11.72 months (range 4 to 47 months). Clinical improvement was seen in 87.9% (29/33): one of two patients (50%) in stage I, 17 of 19 (89.4%) in stage IIA, eight of nine (88.8%) in stage IIB, and three of three (100%) in stage III. Metaanalysis of these results compared with results in nine published series in which other techniques were used showed no difference in clinical improvement after thymectomy between series. Conclusion: We conclude that video-assisted thymectomy is as effective as the traditional open surgical approaches for performance of thymectomy in the management of patients with myasthenia gravis. In addition, the improved cosmesis of the video-assisted approach ideally will lead to earlier thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1996;112:1352-60)

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which surgical thymectomy has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on the course of the disease in most patients. Complete removal of all thymic tissue is believed to be necessary to maximize the surgical results. ¹ Standard surgical approaches include the transsternal, transcervical, and the "maximal" thymectomy, which combines the transsternal and transcervical approaches. ^2-4 All of these procedures have demonstrated efficacy.

The role of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been well defined for the management of a number of diseases. ⁵ For many medical problems such as the treatment of malignant pleural effusions, lung biopsy, and spontaneous pneumothorax, the benefits of the procedure are immediate and obvious and are adequately evaluated by short-term follow up. ^6-8 However, for other diseases in which the course is variable and the results of an intervention are not immediately apparent, such as myasthenia gravis, a longer period of follow-up is necessary before the procedure can be assessed. ⁹ Although the ability to technically perform a thymectomy by the less invasive VATS technique was immediately apparent, the efficacy of the procedure in comparison with accepted standards required long-term follow-up. ¹⁰ The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the VATS approach for thymectomy by intermediate-term results and to compare those results with published standard results.

Patients and methods

Thirty-three patients underwent VATS thymectomy at four participating institutions between March 1992 and October 1995. These institutions were Columbia Hospital at Medical City Dallas, Dallas, Texas (13 patients), Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (10 patients), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (6 patients), and St. Luke's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (4 patients). The thoracic surgeons at each institution had already gained significant VATS experience with technically more simple procedures before embarking on this study. All patients gave informed consent after being apprised of the variables, which included the unproven nature of the VATS approach and the possibility of conversion to an open approach if safety or the ability to perform a complete thymectomy was in doubt. They were also offered the option of the more standard approaches.

In all patients myasthenia gravis was confirmed by clinical features as well as by one or more of the following: electromyographic studies, edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) test, and circulating acetylcholine receptor antibody studies. A computed tomogram was obtained on all patients. No specific preoperative preparation or optimization regimen including plasmapheresis was performed. All patients with myasthenia gravis were included in this series, including those patients who had thymomas.

Surgical technique.
The VATS procedure is performed with the patient under general endotracheal anesthesia with a double-lumen tube to effect ipsilateral lung collapse. A left-sided tube is used in all patients. The patient is placed at a 30-degree angle from horizontal by a roll placed under the back on the side through which the thymus is being approached. Three 10 mm incisions are made in either the right or left infraaxillary area depending on which side of the chest is to be entered. A 30-degree angled telescope is placed through the middle incision and the grasping instrument and scissors through the lateral ones. With the use of standard endoscopic instruments including a tissue-grasping forceps and endoscopic scissors, the dissection is begun at the inferior portion of the thymic gland just anterior to the phrenic nerve (Fig. 1). By a combination of sharp and blunt dissection, all anterior mediastinal tissue is teased off the pericardium. The mediastinal pleura is then divided in the retrosternal area and the anterior portion of the thymic gland is dissected from the retrosternal area. The arterial blood supply to the thymic gland that arises from the internal thoracic artery is next ligated with endoscopic clips (Fig. 2). At this point the innominate vein can be identified. Dissection is carried carefully along the innominate vein until the thymic branches entering the innominate vein are identified and also divided with an endoscopic clip (Fig. 3). Next, the gland is dissected off the contralateral pleura. This is done by blunt dissection so that the contralateral phrenic nerve is not injured. Once the gland is mobilized to this point, it is often helpful to introduce a fan retractor or other instrument to retract the bulk of thymic tissue out of the way so that dissection into the cervical area can continue. Finally, dissection is carried cephalad to the innominate vein until the superior horns of the thymic gland are identified. The fascial attachments of the thymic gland to the inferior portion of the thyroid gland are divided. The most difficult area to access and visualize is the recess between the superior vena cava–innominate vein junction. For this reason we have frequently found it easier to visualize this area through the right thoracoscopic approach. We have also found that the 30-degree telescope significantly aids visualization, especially when the dissection is above the innominate vein into the cervical area.

View larger version (171K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Thymic dissection by the VATS approach is started at the inferior pole of the gland anterior to the phrenic nerve. SVC, Superior vena cava.

View larger version (119K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The arterial blood supply to the thymic gland arising from the internal thoracic artery is ligated with clips and divided.

View larger version (148K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. After identification of the innominate vein, the thymic branches are clipped and divided.

View larger version (152K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Typical thymus specimen after VATS dissection. Removal of all anterior mediastinal tissue in addition to the thymic gland is demonstrated.

Statistical analysis.
The association between surgical outcome and a series of preoperative patient and clinical variables in this series was assessed by means of ², Fisher's exact test, and Kendall's as appropriate. All statistical procedures were performed with the use of SAS version 6.06 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.) on an IBM-compatible computer. Results were considered significant if the observed probability was less than 0.05. The variables examined included duration of symptoms, sex, age, preoperative Osserman classification, and pathology. Contingency tables were evaluated by ² and Fisher's exact tests.

Results

The results of 33 consecutive thymectomies performed at four institutions by means of VATS between March 1992 and October 1995 are listed in Table I. The severity of preoperative disease was graded by means of the Osserman classification ¹¹ (Table II). Surgical outcome was scored following the criteria used by DeFilippi, Richman, and Ferguson ¹² (Table III).

Mean follow-up is 23.39 ± 11.72 months (range 4 to 47 months). Clinical improvement was seen in 87.9% (29/33) of patients: one of two (50%) in stage I, 17 of 19 (89.4%) in stage IIA, eight of nine (88.8%) in stage IIB, and three of three (100%) in stage III. Complete remission, that is, no symptoms and no medications, occurred in six patients (18%). Four patients did not have a change in clinical status after thymectomy, and no patient had deterioration in clinical status.

Because of the small number of patients, multivariate analysis of factors was not feasible. Analysis of the cross-tabulated data revealed no significant associations between the patient's sex and histologic features of the thymus and the preoperative grade or postoperative outcome (Tables Vto VII). Furthermore, there was no correlation between the duration of the symptoms and the preoperative severity of the disease ( = 0.017, p = 0.902) or between the length of follow-up and surgical outcome ( = -0.159, p = 0.245).

Discussion

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic disease in which surgical thymectomy has been demonstrated to have a positive effect. Numerous techniques for performance of a thymectomy have been described and published, including the transsternal technique, the transcervical approach, and the "maximal" thymectomy by the combined transcervical and transthoracic approach. In this article we describe our results of VATS for the performance of thymectomy.

Minimal access does not mean minimal exposure. Despite the limited incisions necessary to perform a thymectomy by VATS, as with standard open approaches, wide exposure to all of the anterior mediastinum and cervical area is available. All anterior mediastinal tissue is totally removed because of the variability and location of thymic tissue. Moreover, the ability to completely dissect and remove the superior horns of the thymic gland into the cervical area is not compromised by this approach.

Although the VATS approach can be performed on either side, we believe that the right side is technically easier for a number of reasons. First, there is increased room in the right thoracic cavity allowing greater maneuverability of telescope and instrumentation. Second, the presence of the superior vena cava as an early landmark allows easier definition of the vascular structures and identification of the innominate vein during the course of the dissection. Finally, the recess at the junction between the superior vena cava and innominate vein is better visualized and defined from the right side. On the left side, this junction is the most difficult area in which to perform the dissection, whereas an approach through the right side aids dissection in this area. Although we consider thymectomy to be an advanced VATS procedure, it has not been as technically difficult as some other VATS procedures such as lobectomy and esophageal procedures. Time and patience on the part of thoracic surgeon are required for orderly execution of the procedure. As we have gained experience, the average time of a VATS thymectomy has been reduced to approximately 1 hours.

Complete thymectomy is believed to be necessary to achieve the maximal clinical benefit on the course of myasthenia gravis. However, the only way of gauging the effectiveness of the procedure is by clinical response. Because myasthenia gravis is a chronic disease of variable pattern, analyzing the benefit of the operation can be difficult. Published series contain heterogeneous groups of patients classified by different methods, and meaningful comparison can be difficult. Table VIII presents the results of nine published series of thymectomy for myasthenia gravis performed by various techniques. We have added the results of our series to this table for comparison. Accurate comparison among all series is difficult because different preoperative classifications are used in different series, including the Osterhuis, the Osserman, and the modified Osserman classifications. In addition, different grading systems for response to thymectomy are used so that, again, totally accurate comparison between series is extremely difficult. Therefore we have compared the percentage of patients who were improved by thymectomy between different series, as well as the percentage of patients who obtained a complete remission, that is, free of symptoms and free of medications with thymectomy, by the different surgical techniques. Metaanalysis showed no difference in any single series in the percentage of patients with improvement. When clinical response was evaluated among combined series (Table VIII), the logistic analysis revealed that the proportion of patients having improved outcomes is significantly lower when thymectomy is performed by the sternotomy approach (78.2%) and significantly greater when performed by the combined sternotomy and transcervical approach (93.6%). However, in analysis of the combined approach series of Jaretzki and Wolff, ⁴ only 95 of 123 consecutive thymectomies were analyzed. This omission of 28 patients makes meaningful analysis and interpretation of their results difficult. However, a lower complete response rate is shown in our series (18.2%), as well as in the transcervical technique series by DeFilippi, Richman, and Ferguson ¹² (17%) compared with other series (20% to 52%). Although this could be indicative of a less effective procedure, we believe that more likely it is a reflection of the relatively short duration of follow-up in our patients. The mean follow-up in our series is 23 months. Five of our patients who were operated on less than 1 year ago have received a significant benefit from thymectomy, but have not yet had a complete remission. In life-table analysis for attainment of complete remission in Jaretzki's series of patients without thymoma, the complete remission rate at 2 years was approximately 24%, very similar to our present series (18.6%) (Fig. 5). If we eliminate the patients with thymoma from our series, the complete remission rate improves to 22.2%, the same as in Jaretzki's series at the same length of follow-up. As we obtain longer follow-up times, we are optimistic that similar complete remission rates can be obtained by the VATS technique as by the other approaches.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Remission rate for myasthenia gravis.

The question may be raised as to why a thymectomy should be done by this approach. Despite statements in the standard management of myasthenia gravis that early thymectomy is best for results and is preferable to steroid therapy, this is not always clinical practice. As can be seen in our series, 18 of 33 patients (54.5%) were receiving steroids before the operation, and thymectomy was therefore presumably delayed in these patients. Because a large proportion of patients with myasthenia gravis are young women, the undesirable cosmetic effect of the surgical approach is often a deterrent factor for early thymectomy and the option of steroids is chosen instead. It is hoped that the less invasive nature of the VATS procedure and the better cosmesis obtained will lead to earlier intervention in patients with myasthenia gravis.

In conclusion, the results of this series show that thymectomy by the VATS technique is as effective as other established surgical techniques in myasthenia gravis. The procedure is technically advanced. It should be undertaken by thoracic surgeons who have gained experience in simpler VATS procedures and have developed an interest and enthusiasm for the VATS approach. Because of the less invasive nature and superior cosmesis, it is hoped that patient and neurologist acceptance of thymectomy will increase and that referral for intervention will occur earlier in the course of the disease, when the response rate will be higher.

We acknowledge the contributions of Kevin M. Kelly, PhD, for statistical analysis of the results and Pat Albers and Melba Harris for manuscript preparation.

Appendix: Discussion

Dr. Paul A. Kirschner (New York, N.Y.).
I have two comments. The first relates to the anatomic efficacy of thoracoscopic thymectomy per se. In the almost century-old history of thymectomy, the problem has always been "how to do it and how much to take out." The thoracoscopic method appears to me to be most comparable to the limited minimally invasive transcervical method and subject to its same shortcomings. Proponents of more radical methods such as thoracotomy, sternotomy (partial or complete), and various combined extended approaches all claim either "completeness" or "adequacy" of resection. These terms are not necessarily synonymous. Dr. Mack did not mention any search for or detection of ectopic thymic tissue in the mediastinal fat, accessibility to which is restricted by the limited exposure of thoracoscopy. Did it occur?

Also, the thoracoscopic method continues to mature, including as it does variable positions on the operating table (supine vs oblique vs lateral), location of ports (right, left, or bilateral), with or without a supplementary cervical incision. Dr. Mack has switched from a left-sided to a right-sided approach.

The second comment relates to the inclusion of the six thymomas in the clinical series of the 33 consecutive cases without detailed information such as histology or surgical stage. I presume that all were stage I completely encapsulated noninvasive thymomas. Could Dr. Mack kindly clarify that? He does not take into account either the unique nature of the myasthenia associated with thymomas as compared with that with nontumorous thymus (none of the six patients with thymomas had complete remission) or the unpredictable long-range prognosis of thymoma per se, however "benign" it may be pathologically.

Also, he makes no mention of the total patient pool from which these 33 cases were derived, nor does he indicate whether any patients were considered unsuitable for thoracoscopy for whatever reason, including those offered and refusing VATS.

Our first patient to undergo transcervical thymectomy in 1967 ¹ had what we thought was an encapsulated thymoma. It recurred widely 8 years later, requiring extensive reoperation ² via sternotomy. This illustrates the necessity for long-range follow-up to establish the efficacy of a limited operation for even a stage I thymoma.

I would question the advisability of applying thoracoscopic thymectomy to thymoma, just as I do for transcervical thymectomy.

Dr. Mack
Thank you, Dr. Kirschner. Regarding the first point, limited access does not necessarily mean limited exposure. We believe that the VATS approach allows adequate visualization of all anterior mediastinal tissue and accessibility for removal. We are well aware of the potential presence of ectopic thymic tissue, and therefore all anterior mediastinal tissue is removed. In this series we saw no evidence of ectopic thymic tissue in the mediastinal fat.

Regarding the second issue of thymomas, all were encapsulated stage I thymomas in this series. All patients have been observed closely, and there is no evidence of recurrence, but we are well aware that follow-up is very short. We also believe that we performed the same procedure by the VATS approach that we would have by the open approach.

Dr. Joel D. Cooper (St. Louis, Mo.)
I would argue that if you are going to do something less than a median sternotomy, the transcervical approach may in fact have some benefit: it gives bilateral exposure, does not necessitate going through the pleural spaces, and provides excellent exposure of the neck region. In the last 80 patients we have operated on over the past 5 years, half have gone home on the day after the operation, the mean and median hospital stay is less than 2 days, and the patients can return to work in several days. Furthermore, no chest tubes or drains are used. I would argue that this is as good a result as one is likely to achieve with any approach.

If you want to use a thoracoscope, you can put it in through the cervical incision and get a beautiful bilateral view, if you should choose to add that. I would be concerned about access to the aortopulmonary window area from a right-sided approach, which is one of the most difficult areas from which to remove ectopic thymic tissue. I would also argue that the best test of a complete thymectomy is the complete remission rate. As you said, your results will have to be viewed as tentative until you can demonstrate a better complete remission rate than you have achieved to date.

Finally, I would acknowledge that the disadvantage of the transcervical approach is perhaps a more steep learning curve. I might therefore suggest, somewhat tongue in cheek, that the VATS procedure might be one of the steps along that learning curve, after which you could graduate to a transcervical approach.

Dr. Mack
Thank you for your comments, Dr. Cooper. I find that the very similar arguments that we used for the VATS approach for thymectomy, as well as for all VATS procedures, were exactly those that Dr. Cooper voiced in discussion of his presentation of transcervical thymectomy in 1988.

Regarding comparison of this with a transcervical result, seven of the last 10 patients in our series have gone home the day after the operation. I think that as we gain more comfort with the care of these patients, the mean and median hospital stay will continue to become shorter. We are also aware of what Dr. Cooper mentioned about using the thoracoscope through the cervical incision to aid the lower part of the dissection, which is the most difficult by that approach. I believe the Toronto group is using that now for thymectomy.

We also are concerned about our low complete remission rate. However, five patients who are now 4 to 9 months postthymectomy appear to be on their way to complete remission. We hope that as our follow-up lengthens, equivalent complete remission rates will be obtained.

Footnotes

From Columbia Hospital at Medical City Dallas, Dallas, Tex.,^a Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa.,^b The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong,^c and Southern Illinois University–School of Medicine, Springfield, Ill.^d

Read at the Seventy-sixth Annual Meeting of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery, San Diego, Calif., April 28–May 1, 1996.

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This Article Abstract Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Michael J. Mack Rodney J. Landreneau Anthony P. Yim Permission Requests