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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:914-923
© 1998 Mosby, Inc.
SURGERY FOR CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE |
From the Divisions of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery,a Pediatric Cardiology,b and Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia,c Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesų Hospital, Rome, Italy.
Read at the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Boston, Mass, May 3-6, 1998.
Received for publication May 8, 1998. Revisions requested July 16, 1998; revisions received Aug 4, 1998. Accepted for publication Aug 6, 1998. Address for reprints: Adriano Carotti, MD, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Ospedale Bambino Gesú, Piazza S Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionPatients and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAppendix: DiscussionReferences |
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAppendix: DiscussionReferences |
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1-3 or staged unifocalizations,49 or both were performed in preparation for subsequent intracardiac repair. 5,7,10 Cumulative results, however, were mostly unsatisfactory in terms of either morbidity/ mortality or function. 4-7
Recently, 1-stage complete unifocalization, through both a midline and a clamshell approach, has been achieved regardless of true pulmonary arterial anatomy. Concomitant intracardiac repair was possible in 80% to 100% of these cases. 11-13 Single-stage unifocalization and repair can most often be guided by either morphologic preoperative criteria or intraoperative functional data. 14 Different treatments should be contemplated, however, for patients with dominant, or exclusive, MAPCAs as opposed to those with dominant, yet severely hypoplastic, pulmonary arteries. 15 We have recently adopted both preoperative morphometric and intraoperative physiologic criteria, in the framework of a novel integrated approach.
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Patients and methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAppendix: DiscussionReferences |
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16 whereas MAPCAs were measured distal to the stenoses considered surgically accessible, that is, within the lobar level. The indexed cross-sectional areas of pulmonary arteries (PAI = pulmonary artery index) and of MAPCAs (CAI = total MAPCA index), as well as their sum, the total neopulmonary artery index (TNPAI = CAI + PAI), were calculated for each patient. 14Surgical policy. In our previous experience with PA and VSD repair, we considered 150 mm2/m2 as the minimal PAI acceptable for VSD closure. 17 Similarly, in our more recent experience with PA, VSD, and MAPCAs we elected a TNPAI cutoff value of more than 150 mm2/m2 for complete repair. Characteristics of MAPCAs and pulmonary artery morphology are reported in Tables II, III, and IV.
Seven patients with TNPAI less than 150 mm2/m2 had very small (<2.5 mm in size) to small (>2.5 mm in size, but PAI < 100 mm2/m2) pulmonary arteries (Table II) supplying, on average, most pulmonary segments (Table III).
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) had absent pulmonary arteries (n = 2) or absent right pulmonary artery (n = l) or small (n = 3) to medium-sized confluent central pulmonary arteries (PAI > 100 mm2/m2, n = 2). MAPCAs were the only source of pulmonary blood flow for one (n = l) or both lungs (n = 2), or they supplied terminally the majority of lung segments (n = 5) (Table III).
Palliative right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction
Patients with TNPAI < 150 mm2/m2 underwent reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) to promote the growth of native pulmonary arteries by establishing forward flow.
Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted by aorta-bicaval cannulation and left atrial venting. While the patient was cooled to 22°C, with the lungs ventilated and the heart ejecting and without the collaterals being occluded, the pulmonary arteries were thoroughly dissected free and distally clip-occluded.
RVOT reconstruction was accomplished by a small pulmonary valved homograft in patients with very small pulmonary arteries (n = 2) and by either prosthetic (polytetrafluoroethylene or Dacron) conduit (n = 3) or a short transannular RVOT patch (n = 2) in patients with small pulmonary arteries (n = 5). A short period of aortic crossclamping was used in all to prevent air embolism through the ventriculotomy.
Primary 1-stage complete unifocalization and repair
Patients with a TNPAI greater than 150 mm2/m2 underwent 1-stage midline complete unifocalization and repair.
After a generous flap of anterior pericardium had been retrieved, the posterior mediastinum was dissected by means of the transverse sinus approach, 11 without the pleura being opened. Collaterals anterior to the airway were followed upstream to their aortic origin, whereas those posterior to the airway, especially the left-sided ones, were dissected downstream from their aortic origin. Esophageal retraction was often necessary for dissection of MAPCAs opposite the side of the aortic arch. Once all collaterals were controlled, they were snared and cardiopulmonary bypass was begun. While the patient was being cooled to 30°C, the decompressed collaterals were further dissected distally, ligated at their origin, transected, taken anteriorly to the airway (when required), and unifocalized. All unifocalizations were performed by favoring native tissue-to-tissue anastomoses and avoiding prosthetic material in the periphery. 11 In only 1 case, early in our experience, was a polytetrafluoroethylene conduit used to unifocalize a left lower lobe collateral with a long-segment distal stenosis.
In general, tissue-to-tissue anastomosis was achieved in 2 different ways: (1) end-to-side or side-to-side anastomosis of a MAPCA to a native pulmonary artery or to other MAPCAs (Figs l, C* and 2, C*) and (2) side-to-side posterior anastomosis of a MAPCA to a native pulmonary artery or to another MAPCA with anterior patch augmentation of untreated autologous pericardium (Fig. 1, C**). Ligation was limited to those collaterals perfusing areas of lung with dual blood supply, which were not considered useful for augmentation of hypoplastic pulmonary arteries (Fig. 1, C***).
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and 2, C). The aorta was then crossclamped and blood cardioplegic solution was administered. The VSD was patch-closed through a longitudinal right ventriculotomy. The atrial communication was closed in all but 1 case, in which a small 1-way atrial septal defect was created. After the aortic crossclamp was released, the homograft was proximally anastomosed to the right ventricle with a bovine pericardium hood augmentation. A pressure line was placed transatrially into the pulmonary arteries and kept in place for 48 hours. Thereafter, withdrawal pressure recordings and blood samplings were performed to rule out residual intracardiac left-to-right shunting or RVOT obstruction, or both.
Secondary 1-stage complete unifocalization and repair
Patients showing significant growth of central pulmonary arteries after initial RVOT reconstruction (acquired TNPAI > 150 mm2/m2; n = 7) underwent secondary midline 1-stage complete unifocalization and repair, based on the aforementioned criteria. The operative technique slightly differed, however, in that the previously reconstructed RVOT, whether by conduit or by outflow patch, was divided and its proximal stump temporarily oversewn to avoid both systemic air embolism and blood leakage into the operative field.
Intraoperative flow study
In 9 patients undergoing repair (primary, 7; secondary, 2), an intraoperative compliance test of the unifocalized pulmonary arterial tree was carried out with the use of incremental transpulmonary flow challenges, according to Reddy and associates. 14 The flow study was routinely performed before aortic crossclamping, at a temperature of 25°C, with beating heart and collapsed lungs. Care was taken to push the left atrial vent well into the left ventricle to avoid pulmonary artery pressure misreadings. The decision to close the VSD was based on a mean pulmonary artery pressure of less than or equal to 30 mm Hg with a transpulmonary predicted cardiac index of 2.5 L/min per square meter.
Chromosome 22q11 microdeletion
All patients were screened from both a phenotypic and genotypic viewpoint. Chromosome 22q11 microdeletion, detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization, was present in 4 patients (27%). Its occurrence did not relate to any peculiar anatomic phenotype, neither regarding pulmonary vascular supply (characteristics of pulmonary arteries, number of MAPCAs, TNPAI at presentation) nor occurrence of a right aortic arch. 18 There was only a slight difference in the incidence of infundibular atresia in these patients compared with those without 22q11 deletion (50% vs 18%: P = .5).
Follow-up
At discharge all patients underwent 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the repair. All have been followed-up by clinical check-up, echocardiogram, and, whenever possible, by elective cardiac catheterization (n = 11) and nuclear perfusion scan (n = 4).
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median and range, or 95% confidence intervals (CI). Student paired t test was performed with the use of SPSS for Windows version 7.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAppendix: DiscussionReferences |
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Chromosome 22q11 microdeletion
Chromosome 22q11 microdeletion did not influence the surgical treatment of the disease, the genotype and the anatomic phenotype being completely unrelated in the reported series. 18
Follow-up
Follow-up ranged from 6 to 36 months with mean and median intervals of 18 ± 12 and 13.5 months, respectively. One patient underwent successful reoperation 2 months after the initial operation for acute endocarditis of the right ventricle–pulmonary artery homograft (postoperative pRV/pLV = 0.3). The patient with congenital heart block required endocardial pacemaker implantation 6 months after the operation for dysfunction of old epicardial leads.
Eleven patients underwent routine follow-up cardiac catheterization 6 to 23 months after the repair (mean 14 ± 6, median 13 months) (Fig. 4). One patient with a peak right ventricular pressure of 53 mm Hg (pRV/pLV = 0.53) underwent successful stent placement into the right pulmonary artery distal to a right upper lobe MAPCA unifocalization 20 months after the operation. Eleven months later, a right ventricular pressure of 35 mm Hg was found by 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography. Another patient underwent successful bilateral balloon dilatation of pulmonary arteries 11 months after the operation, with a subsequent fall of pRV/pLV from 0.5 to 0.33. A third patient had a discrete stenosis at the anastomotic site of a unifocalized right inferior lobe MAPCA, a discrete stenosis of the origin of the left pulmonary artery, and residual patency of a small anastomotic collateral. Thirteen months after the operation, this patient underwent both successful balloon dilatation of the stenoses and coil occlusion of the collateral, with a reduction of pRV/pLV from 0.62 to 0.44. Seven of 8 survivors after intraoperative flow study, 11 ± 3 months postoperatively (median 11.5, range 6-13 months), underwent cardiac catheterization, which showed stable or decreasing mean pulmonary artery pressures compared with those recorded during flow study (difference of means: –20% [95% CI: –43% to 4%]; P = .07) and pRV/pLV values comparable with those measured 48 hours after the operation (difference of means: –16% [95% CI: 40% to 8%]; P = .3) (Table VI). Four patients also underwent nuclear perfusion scans 1 to 7 days after follow-up cardiac catheterization. They all showed symmetrical distribution of pulmonary blood supply.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAppendix: DiscussionReferences |
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19 several staged procedures have been advocated in preparation for complete repair. However, no consensus has been reached for crucial issues, for example, treatment of hypoplastic pulmonary arteries 3,6,9 strategy of unifocalization, 5,9,20,21 source of blood supply to the unifocalized pulmonary circulation, 4-7,9 and criteria for repair. 5,7,10 Unfortunately, most of these multistage approaches have been inadequate in terms of cumulative morbidity and mortality, real potential for repair, and functional results of the repair itself. 4-7
One-stage total unifocalization, recently introduced by Reddy, Liddicoat, and Hanley, 11 has been accomplished with any kind of true pulmonary arterial anatomy using either a midline 11,13 or a clamshell 12 approach. Combined cardiac repair has been possible in 80% to 100% of cases. 11-13 It is suggested that, the earlier in infancy the unifocalization is performed, the better the long-term results are, owing to prevention of both shear stress lesions of MAPCAs and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in distinct lung segments. 11,13,14
Our policy differed slightly from that of primary 1-stage unifocalization in all cases. In fact, we considered primary unifocalization unfeasible in the not so rare cases (up to 73%) of severely hypoplastic pulmonary arteries combined with MAPCAs perfusing only a minor proportion of lung segments. 22 This reflected 2 main concerns. First, hypoplasia of central pulmonary arteries would not provide adequate support for anastomosing transected isolated collaterals. Second, underdeveloped peripheral arborization of lung segments served by hypoplastic true pulmonary arteries would lead to preferential flow into the unifocalized collaterals, resulting in uneven pulmonary blood flow distribution. We preferred to treat such an anatomic arrangement by first allowing forward flow into true pulmonary arteries to promote both their central and peripheral growth 15,23 and subsequently undertaking midline 1-stage unifocalization and cardiac repair. 11,13
To sort patients for either preliminary RVOT reconstruction or primary 1-stage unifocalization and repair, based on our previous experience with PAI for repair of complex PA and VSD, 17 we arbitrarily referred to a TNPAI cutoff value of less than 150 or more than 150 mm2/m2, respectively. In this series, a TNPAI less than 150 mm2/m2 always correlated with a preoperative PAI less than 100 mm2/m2 (very small to small pulmonary arteries) and with dominance of pulmonary arteries versus MAPCAs with respect to number of lung segments supplied (13.9 ± 1.1 vs 8.6 ± 5.8).
All 7 patients undergoing RVOT reconstruction had a significant development of true pulmonary arteries (Fig. 3) and successfully underwent secondary 1-stage unifocalization and cardiac repair. The growth of native pulmonary arteries facilitated the recognition of lung segments with dual blood supply. 4,15 Collaterals involved in dual lung supply were usually ligated at unifocalization. Because of the lesser occurrence of MAPCAs in this subgroup of patients and the routine ligation of those responsible for dual supply, unifocalization during secondary procedures involved a lesser number of anastomoses than did primary procedures (Table VII).
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14 Used in the more recent part of the series (n = 9), the flow study proved reliable in all but the first case. Postmortem revision of this case showed the presence of variable degrees of diffuse pulmonary vascular disease. The ensuing pulmonary vasoreactivity was probably further compounded by recurrent postoperative metabolic acidosis associated with hypoxemia (right-to-left atrial shunting through an artificial 1-way atrial septal defect) and postoperative bleeding.
Our early results with both primary and secondary 1-stage complete unifocalization and repair of PA, VSD, and MAPCAs are sound, with a 93% rate of both early survival and successful complete repair (95% CI: 66%-100%). RVOT reconstruction was needed by patients with limited collateral-dependent pulmonary blood flow, who thus had early cyanosis. On the other hand, patients with predominant collateral-dependent pulmonary blood flow were referred to us only later in life. Eventually, patients with RVOT reconstruction underwent repair earlier than those having primary repair (Table II). On the whole, 1-stage unifocalization and repair were done later in life in a greater proportion of our patients than would be expected from current trends toward early correction. 11,13,14 The greatest risk of a delayed approach is the occurrence of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, which is difficult to predict and quantify in PA, VSD, and MAPCAs owing to multifocal pulmonary blood supply and progressive development of collateral stenoses. 19,24-26 On a speculative ground, the finding of stenotic collaterals in older patients does not necessarily mean that the distal pulmonary vascular bed is "protected." In fact, such stenoses might occur even after the development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, as suggested by the only death that occurred in this series.
Despite such a relatively late age at repair, at intermediate follow-up all survivors have low right ventricular pressure, generally balanced distribution of blood flow, and low need for major interventional procedures on the reconstructed pulmonary arteries. Interestingly, the mean pulmonary artery pressure and/or the pRV/ pLV at follow-up cardiac catheterization compared favorably with those recorded both during flow study and 48 hours after the operation. Such data further corroborate the adequacy of the flow study in discriminating suitability for repair and possibly support the thesis of an improved lung condition once normal hemodynamics is restored.
Finally, the occurrence of chromosome 22q11 microdeletion in cases of PA, VSD, and MAPCAs has recently been reported in association with a peculiar anatomic phenotype, 27 with an implicit need for more complex surgical procedures. 28 Our analysis failed to demonstrate a similar correlation, probably because of the very limited number of patients.
Limitations of the study
First, the small number of patients of this series does not allow meaningful statistical analysis. Second, in consideration of the somewhat old average age of the patients at the time of unifocalization (with the related risk of fully developed pulmonary vascular obstructive disease), the good results achieved in this series might express a spontaneous selection of patients with "protected" pulmonary circulation. Finally, the shortness of the follow-up interval does not allow definitive conclusions on the fate of pulmonary circulation of unifocalized patients.
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Conclusion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAppendix: DiscussionReferences |
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Appendix: Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAppendix: DiscussionReferences |
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Currently we perform complete unifocalization and repair in over two thirds of our patients; that includes closure of the VSD. In the remaining third, about three quarters of these patients have undergone complete unifocalization in 1 stage and the VSD was left open, and in the last 50 or so patients we have used exclusively the intraoperative flow study to determine the feasibility of VSD closure. In the remaining few patients, about 5% to 8% of the total population, we have used staged unifocalization via thoracotomies.
I have 3 relatively simple questions: In patients in whom you created a right ventricle–pulmonary artery conduit, you did not control the collaterals during the bypass. What pH strategy have you used and did you encounter any neurologic problems with this approach?
Second, what is your approach currently to a neonate or a young infant who is symptomatic or asymptomatic and when would you like to operate on this patient?
Finally, have you seen any transient liver dysfunction in the postoperative period, which needs to be managed very aggressively in terms of the glucose and potassium?
Dr Carotti. Thank you, Dr. Reddy, for your comments. Our approach differs slightly from your policy in San Francisco. We know that in most cases you proceed with 1-stage unifocalization. We elect, instead, to stage the repair in patients with severely hypoplastic pulmonary arteries and few collaterals supplying a minor proportion of lung segments rather than doing the 1-stage operation. In fact, we suspect that in patients with "dominant" hypoplastic pulmonary arteries undergoing a primary complete unifocalization there is a reasonable risk of unsuitability for primary VSD closure. Furthermore, we believe that, after palliative RVOT reconstruction, there is also a reasonable chance of insufficient growth of the true pulmonary arteries owing to preferential runoff into unifocalized collaterals. Conversely, by staging the repair, by first performing a palliative RVOT reconstruction, we believe that the true pulmonary arteries can develop more consistently in size and that, therefore, the overall probability of total repair at the time of unifocalization is increased.
With respect to your first question concerning pH strategy, we always used the 
-stat strategy and never encountered any neurologic problem. As a matter of fact, we always tried to run very short periods of cardiopulmonary bypass, keeping the temperature at about 22°C, and to perfuse the patient with high flows, such as 150 up to 200 mL/kg per minute.
With respect to the approach to a symptomatic infant, since we started this protocol we have never had the opportunity to operate on a neonate or young infant. However, we did operate on our patients as soon as the cardiologist referred them to us. We would like very much to start doing the single-stage operation in young infants. We know that you do so and Dr Tchervenkov does so. We plan to operate on those patients within the ages of 6 months to 1 year.
We never observed any problems with liver dysfunction or, more in general, multiorgan dysfunction. Actually, we had only transient hemoglobinuria in the early postoperative course in patients who underwent a very long run of cardiopulmonary bypass during 1-stage approaches. On the other hand, we did not have any other problem, as demonstrated by the very short mean hospital stay.
Dr Christo I. Tchervenkov (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). I would like to congratulate you on excellent results. You have achieved repairability in over 90% of the patients, which is significantly higher than the previously published large studies with a multistage approach. We have also evolved at the Montreal Children's Hospital from a multistage approach to currently the single-stage approach, and we presented our results last year at the Association meeting in Washington. My questions will focus on the PAI, and I applaud your efforts to try to develop predictive criteria for the feasibility of single-stage repair versus staged repair in these patients.
Our observation has been that the PAI in the patient with tetralogy of Fallot as determined by preoperative angiogram or echocardiography frequently underestimates the true size of the pulmonary arteries because they are simply underfilled. We have consistently found in the small patients that in diminutive arteries, both in regular tetralogy and tetralogy with PA of MAPCAs, that the diminutive arteries are frequently 1 or 2 or perhaps 3 mm larger in diameter than the preoperative prediction.
Have you tried to correlate your preoperative assessment of size and index to the intraoperative findings? Is it possible that some patients who are over that cutoff point of 150 mm/m2 are subjected to the multistage approach and yet could actually undergo the definitive operation?
Second, what would you do with a patient who has no true pulmonary arteries and yet has an index less than 150 mm/m2? What would you do with a patient who has an index of perhaps 120 and has no true pulmonary arteries that can be developed?
Third, our technique in Montreal has differed slightly from Frank Hanley's technique in San Francisco. We perform central dissection to get at the MAPCAs instead of the peripheral approach by opening the pleura. We go straight down to the aorta, particularly if it is a right descending aorta. It is actually quite easy to get at the collaterals without having to open the pleura at all. The second difference is that we do not hesitate to ligate collaterals, small MAPCAs that supply 1 or 2 segments, providing that the rest of the unifocalized arterial bed is adequate, or MAPCAs that go to regions of dual blood supply.
Dr Carotti. Thank you, Dr. Tchervenkov, for your questions.
With regard to the first question, in this small series we did not find discrepancy between the measurements or the index and the real dimension of pulmonary arteries. I would remind you that the original paper by Dr Nakata and associates did estimate the measure of the pulmonary arteries in patients with cyanotic heart diseases with a low filling volume of the pulmonary arteries.
Actually, it is always difficult to give a cutoff value and to decide what to do on the basis of it. I think that, on the two opposite extremes of the spectrum of the disease, it is easier to decide what kind of procedure to perform. However, it becomes more difficult to do so as you approach the "cutoff value" from each side.
With respect to what to do with a patient with a TNPAI of 120, absent pulmonary arteries, and exclusive collaterals, we have not faced this problem yet. I would go ahead with the single-stage unifocalization and rely only on the intraoperative flow study in order to decide whether to close the VSD or not.
With respect to your question about the surgical technique, we definitely liked your modifications of Dr Hanley's approach. Actually, we never open the pleural spaces, because we previously had trouble sometimes during the multiple-stage approach through thoracotomies, facing severe pulmonary hemorrhage after manipulation of the lung. At present, we dissect the collaterals only by the transverse sinus approach; furthermore, we retrieve the more distal ones by incising the posterior pericardium and extending the dissection behind the left atrium.
With respect to the issue of small or anastomotic collaterals, we try to use all collaterals we can in cases of primary 1-stage approach to either retrieve pulmonary segments or perform a distal pulmonary artery reconstruction. In cases of secondary 1-stage repair we usually ligate the anastomotic collaterals. It depends on one's general policy.
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Acknowledgments |
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and methodsResultsDiscussionConclusionAppendix: DiscussionReferences |
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