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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:946-962
© 2000 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery
Surgery For Acquired Cardiovascular Disease |
From the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
Address for reprints: Joseph F. Sabik, MD, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Desk F25, Cleveland, OH 44195 (E-mail: sabikj{at}ccf.org ).
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionPatients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Variables examined for...References |
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and methods Results Discussion Appendix: Variables examined for...References |
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1-3 In contrast, we and others have followed a more conservative operative approach. We attempted to tailor the management of the aortic root to the pathology. If the aortic valve and sinuses were structurally normal, aortic valve reconstruction at the level of the sinotubular junction and supracoronary ascending aortic graft replacement were used. If the aortic valve was structurally abnormal, but the sinuses normal, aortic valve replacement and supracoronary aortic grafting were employed. If both aortic valve and sinuses were abnormal, from pre-existing dilatation or extension of the intimal tear proximally to the level of the valve, total aortic root and valve replacement (Bentall operation) was used.
Likewise, management of the distal aorta was tailored to the pathology. If the intimal lesion was limited to the ascending aorta, the aorta was replaced only to the level of the innominate artery. Complete or hemi-aortic arch replacement was used only when the intimal lesion extended into or originated in the arch. 4-11
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of these surgical strategies, applied without regard to acuity of presentation, on survival and late proximal and distal treatment failures.
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Patients and methods |
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Definitions
Aortic dissections were classified as acute (symptoms < 14 days) or chronic (symptoms 
14 days). The median interval between onset of symptoms and operation in acute dissections was 1 day, with 25% of the patients operated on within 12 hours (Fig 1). Patients with acute dissection were more at the extremes of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (Appendix Table I), the dissection was less likely limited to the ascending aorta (Appendix Table II), and finding blood in the pericardium was more common than in those having chronic dissection (Appendix Table III).
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): (1) limited to the ascending aorta, (2) involving the ascending aorta and arch, (3) extending from the ascending aorta to the descending thoracic aorta, and (4) extending from the ascending aorta into the abdominal aorta. Because not all patients underwent imaging of the entire aorta, the known distal extent may have underestimated the actual distal extent of dissection. Dissection limited to the ascending aorta was more common (P = .06) in patients undergoing reoperation (41%) than in those undergoing primary repair (27%).
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Operative methods
Three operative strategies were used to manage the dissected ascending aorta and aortic valve: (1) replacement of the supracoronary ascending aorta, supracoronary root repair, and aortic valve resuspension (65%), (2) composite graft replacement of the aortic valve, sinuses, and ascending aorta (23%), and (3) replacement of the supracoronary ascending aorta and aortic valve (12%) (Appendix Table II
). The type of repair performed depended on the aortic valve, aortic root, and type of ascending aortic pathology as detailed in the introduction. Early in the series, some surgeons used the composite graft technique for most ascending aortic dissections; however, as experience was gained, every attempt was made to preserve the aortic valve in patients with normal valves, reducing use of composite grafting (P = .07, Appendix Fig 1, A ).
Supracoronary aortic root repair and aortic valve resuspension were performed as follows. The proximal false lumen was obliterated with a tailored piece of Teflon felt placed in the false lumen. A second piece of felt was placed inside the aorta and a third piece outside the aorta. The dissected aortic wall layers and three layers of Teflon felt were sandwiched together with monofilament suture. Thus, the aortic valve was resuspended by repair of the entire intima including the commissures. Composite aortic valve and ascending aortic graft replacement were usually performed with direct reimplantation of the coronary ostia into the aortic graft. 12 Patients undergoing aortic valve replacement and supracoronary ascending aortic graft replacement underwent supracoronary aortic root reconstruction with three layers of Teflon felt.
The distal extent of aortic replacement was governed by the extent of the intimal tear (Appendix Table V). If the intimal tear was localized to the ascending aorta, the distal aortic anastomosis was constructed just proximal to the innominate artery (85%). If the intimal tear extended into or originated in the aortic arch, aortic replacement extended into the arch (13%) or proximal descending aorta (2%). Just enough aortic arch was resected and replaced to excise adequately the arch intimal tear and reconstruct the aortic arch. Although most arch reconstructions were hemi-arch replacements, several patients required a total transverse arch replacement. When the false lumen extended beyond the site of aortic replacement in acute dissections, three layers of felt were used to reconstruct the aorta to prevent antegrade flow into the false lumen. However, in chronic aortic dissection, when distal organs were perfused by only the false lumen, arterial blood flow into the false lumen was not interrupted. When re-entry intimal tears were located in the descending thoracic aorta, the aortic resection was not extended into the descending aorta.
Operations were performed through a median sternotomy. Cannulation of the femoral artery or axillary artery was used for cardiopulmonary bypass. Cold cardioplegia was used for myocardial protection. Hypothermia to 15°C to 20°C and circulatory arrest were used in all operations involving replacement of the aortic arch or the proximal descending aorta. It was also used electively in 118 patients undergoing operations involving only replacement of the ascending aorta to allow close inspection of the aortic arch, to allow accurate construction of the distal anastomosis, and to avoid trauma to the aorta. The use of circulatory arrest increased across time to nearly 100% of cases (P < .0001, Appendix Fig 1, B ). Retrograde cerebral perfusion of arterial blood into the superior vena cava was used during circulatory arrest in the most recent cases.
Follow-up
Patients were followed up periodically by mail; cross-sectional follow-up for this analysis was by mailed questionnaire, telephone interview, and examination at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Three patients were untraced, two shortly after their operations in 1992 and 1993 and the third 3 years after the last follow-up. Total follow-up was 802 patient-years, with mean follow-up among survivors of 4.7 ± 3.8 years, median 3.5 years. Follow-up extended beyond 7.6 years in 25%, but beyond 10 years in only 10%.
Statistical analysis
Outcomes
Time-related outcomes were all-cause death and reoperation for either proximal or distal aortic complications. Nonparametric estimates utilized the Kaplan-Meier estimator. The instantaneous risk across time (the hazard function) was estimated parametrically. 13 Analyses stratified according to patient or repair variables were compared by means of the log-rank test.
Multivariable analyses
Potential risk factors were organized for entry into the various analyses (Appendix). A nonautomated directed technique of stepwise variable entry was used. 14 It was supplemented by bootstrap resampling, whereby the relative frequency of occurrence of variables in 1000 automated models was used to inform final variable selection. 15 Particular attention was given to the calibration of scale of continuous and ordinal variables and to understanding confounding by changes in prevalence of some variables across time (Appendix Fig 1). Because of the unconventional inclusion of both acute and chronic dissections, we explored interactions between variables and acuteness of dissection, and we incorporated the propensity score for acute dissection into the multivariable analyses derived from Appendix Table III. 16,17 The P value criterion for retaining variables in the final models was .1.
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Results |
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, B).
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). Of the 8 patients dying suddenly, 5 had a residual distal dissected aorta.
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). This improvement was unveiled after accounting for aortic arch replacement, which decreased late survival (Fig 4) but which had been used with increasing frequency in recent years (Appendix Fig 1, C ).
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Discussion |
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18,19 have pursued relatively conservative operative strategies. Despite advances in surgical experience and technology, operations for ascending dissections are still associated with substantial risk, particularly when carried out for critically ill patients with acute dissections. For more extensive operations to make sense, such as routine aortic arch replacement or complex aortic valve–sparing operations, a high failure of these conservative, reproducible strategies would be required.
A possible disadvantage of the conservative operative strategy is that the patient is left with a dissected (although reconstructed) aortic root and aortic valve, and with a distal aorta that in many cases has a residual false lumen. Late complications of aortic valve failure and distal aneurysm formation may occur after aortic dissection repair, 20-23 leading some to suggest more radical approaches such as routine aortic arch replacement. 1-3 Thus, the focus of this investigation was to establish the long-term outcomes resulting from our selective approach and to document late proximal and distal treatment failures.
The proximal aorta
A possible disadvantage of supracoronary reconstruction and aortic graft replacement is that the patient is left with a dissected (although reconstructed) aortic root and aortic valve. Some have advocated routine composite graft replacement of the aortic root 1 and operations similar to those described by David and Feindel 24 and Yacoub and associates, 25 in which the aortic sinuses are resected but the aortic valve leaflets preserved. However, in this study, supracoronary aortic valve resuspension demonstrated excellent long-term durability with few late failures, an observation noted by others. 18,19,26,27 Fann and associates 19 reported freedom from aortic valve replacement for resuspended aortic valves of 100% and 80% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Mazzucotelli and colleagues 27 reported freedom from reoperation for failure of the native aortic valves of 83% and 79% at 5 and 10 years. More recently, von Segesser and coworkers 18 reported freedom from reoperation for failure of a resuspended aortic valve of 97% and 91% at 5 and 10 years. This high freedom from failure of supracoronary reconstruction leads us to infer that more complex aortic root operations are usually not justified, particularly because of the high operative risk noted by even experienced surgeons for these complex procedures. 25
The distal aorta
Distal aneurysm formation may occur after ascending aortic dissection, and some have advocated routine aortic arch replacement as a possible means of decreasing that late complication. 1-3 On the other hand, Crawford and colleagues 28 recommended replacing the arch only when it is aneurysmal and when there is excessive enlargement and impending or actual rupture of the false channel, not to treat the presence of a false lumen in the arch. That has been our policy, and the low prevalence of distal aortic complications based on the ascending dissection appears to validate that policy. However, when the intimal tear extends into the arch, we believe hemi-arch, and occasionally total arch, replacement is indicated. In patients with acute ascending aortic dissections caused by an intimal tear located in the arch, the Stanford group found a somewhat lower in-hospital mortality for the patients undergoing concomitant arch replacement compared with those who did not have their arch resected (29% vs 37%), but the confidence limits were wide. 4 Similarly, there appeared to be improved long-term survival, increased freedom from arch aneurysm, and fewer distal aortic ruptures in patients who underwent resection of the intimal tear in the arch. They concluded that it is probably prudent to perform concomitant hemi-arch or total arch replacement in healthy patients with aortic dissection caused by an arch tear.
Thus, our approach is to resect and replace the aortic arch in acute dissections when the intimal tear originates in or extends into the arch. We found no difference in early mortality in patients who underwent concomitant arch resection compared with those who underwent only ascending aortic replacement. However, an unexplained finding was that it was associated with decreased late survival. None of the late deaths in the patients undergoing aortic arch resection were sudden or due to distal aortic rupture.
In this study, the presence of residual dissected distal aorta did not increase the risk of rupture. We believe these findings are due to our prevention of antegrade flow into the false lumen in acute dissections by resecting the intimal tear (even if located in the arch) and constructing atraumatically the graft to aortic anastomosis with three layers of felt.
Acute versus chronic dissection
Unconventionally, for this study we have included both patients with acute and chronic dissection. Neither multivariable analyses nor analyses of interactions nor propensity matching suggested that these historical patient subgroups responded fundamentally differently to treatment. We have identified, however, that patients coming to operation in a poor hemodynamic condition, a rather uncommon occurrence in this study, but one confined to acute dissection, are at high early risk.
Limitations
The general findings of this study, and those more specific to the details of the operation itself, are limited by the experience of a single institution, by evolution of the operation and support techniques across the years, and by our inability in some cases to understand fully the reasons for some risk factors, even after intense study.
One specific shortcoming of our clinical records and pathologic specimens is that because of relatively small numbers of patients with Marfan syndrome, a firm statement about Marfan syndrome and its possible influence on late outcome was not possible. Our recommendations about conservative aortic root and arch operations for patients with dissections do not apply to patients with Marfan syndrome.
Another limitation is that only patients who underwent operations for repair of an ascending aortic dissection are included. Specifically, patients dying before operation, before or during transfer or evaluation, are not included. Therefore, generalizing our results to all patients with ascending aortic dissections is not possible.
A difference in this study compared with others is the prevalence of patient characteristics. A large proportion of our patients had prior cardiac operations, and in an unusually large number of patients the aortic dissection was limited to the ascending aorta. These differences may relate to the referral nature of our institution. Therefore, our overall outcomes may not be representative of all patients with ascending aortic dissection. However, to some major degree, multivariable analyses should adjust for differences in patient characteristics, rendering the inferences from them more generally applicable.
Finally, we do not have routine periodic imaging of the distal aorta during follow-up in all patients. Therefore, we are unable to determine which patients with residual distal dissection of the aorta actually have a patent false lumen.
Clinical inferences
We infer from this study that aortic valve resuspension and supracoronary aortic root reconstruction provide effective long-term results in non–Marfan syndrome patients with ascending aortic dissection who have normal sinuses and a normal aortic valve. Aggressive routine composite aortic valve, sinus, and ascending aorta replacement do not appear justified. Aortic resection should include the ascending aorta and intimal tear, even when the tear is located in the arch. Hypothermia and circulatory arrest are safe within prudent time constraints and are useful in constructing the distal anastomosis. Residual distal dissected aorta does not decrease late survival and has a low risk of aneurysmal change and reoperation for at least 10 years.
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Appendix: Variables examined for association with outcomes |
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Presentation: acute versus chronic dissection, interval between symptom onset and operation in acute dissection, NYHA class (I-IV), emergency operation, hemodynamic state at operation (0 = stable, 1 = unstable, 2 = cardiogenic shock), nonexertional chest pain, neurologic deficit
Status of aorta: known distal extent of dissection (ascending aorta, arch, descending, abdominal), site of intimal tear (ascending aorta, arch), aortic valve regurgitation
Comorbidity: ischemic heart disease, angina, chronic heart failure, dyspnea or exertion, previous myocardial infarct, preoperative blood urea nitrogen, hypertension, previous cardiac surgery, conduction disturbance (first-, second-, or third-degree heart block)
Procedure
Findings: blood in pericardium, free aortic rupture
Operation: composite graft, aortic valve replacement and ascending aortic replacement, aortic valve resuspension and ascending aortic replacement, aortic valve replacement versus resuspension, distal extent of aortic replacement (ascending aorta, and arch, and descending), residual distal dissected aorta
Support: use of circulatory arrest, duration (minutes) of arrest
Experience: date of operation
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T. Ueda, H. Shimizu, K. Hashizume, K. Koizumi, M. Mori, H. Shin, and R. Yozu Mortality and morbidity after total arch replacement using a branched arch graft with selective antegrade cerebral perfusion Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2003; 76(6): 1951 - 1956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Hirotani, T. Nakamichi, M. Munakata, and S. Takeuchi Routine extended graft replacement for an acute type a aortic dissection and the patency of the residual false channel Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2003; 76(6): 1957 - 1961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. T. Lai, D. C. Miller, R. S. Mitchell, P. E. Oyer, K. A. Moore, R. C. Robbins, N. E. Shumway, and B. A. Reitz Acute type a aortic dissection complicated by aortic regurgitation: composite valve graft versus separate valve graft versus conservative valve repair J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2003; 126(6): 1978 - 1985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Tanaka, K. Kawahito, H. Adachi, and T. Ino Platelet dysfunction in acute type A aortic dissection evaluated by the laser light-scattering method J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2003; 126(3): 837 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C.-H. Yeh, M.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Wu, Y.-C. Wang, J.-J. Chu, and P. J. Lin Risk Factors for Descending Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Medium-Term Follow-up of Patients With Type A Aortic Dissection Chest, September 1, 2003; 124(3): 989 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Fleck, H. Tschernich, M. Grabenwoger, D. Hutschala, H. Koinig, E. Wolner, and W. Mohl A double patch sandwich technique for surgical repair of acute aortic dissection type A Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2003; 76(2): 499 - 502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Long, C. G. Tribble, D. P. Raymond, S. M. Fiser, A. K. Kaza, J. A. Kern, and I. L. Kron Preoperative shock determines outcome for acute type A aortic dissection Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2003; 75(2): 520 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. P. Urbanski, A. Siebel, M. Zacher, and R. W. Hacker Is extended aortic replacement in acute type A dissection justifiable? Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2003; 75(2): 525 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. R. Green and I. L. Kron Aortic Dissection Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 1095 - 1122. [Full Text]
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A. L. Estrera, C. C. Miller III, T. T.T. Huynh, E. E. Porat, and H. J. Safi Replacement of the ascending and transverse aortic arch: determinants of long-term survival Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2002; 74(4): 1058 - 1065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Mizuno, M. Toyama, N. Tabuchi, H. Wu, and M. Sunamori Stented elephant trunk procedure combined with ascending aorta and arch replacement for acute type A aortic dissection Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, October 1, 2002; 22(4): 504 - 509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. T. Lai, R. C. Robbins, R. S. Mitchell, K. A. Moore, P. E. Oyer, N. E. Shumway, B. A. Reitz, and D. C. Miller Does Profound Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest Improve Survival in Patients With Acute Type A Aortic Dissection? Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(12_suppl_1): I-218 - I-228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kato, T. Kuratani, M. Kaneko, S. Kyo, and K. Ohnishi The results of total arch graft implantation with open stent-graft placement for type A aortic dissection J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2002; 124(3): 531 - 540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Caus, J. M. Frapier, R. Giorgi, T. Aymard, A. Riberi, B. Albat, P. A. Chaptal, and T. Mesana Clinical outcome after repair of acute type A dissection in patients over 70 years-old Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, August 1, 2002; 22(2): 211 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kazui, N. Washiyama, A. H. M. Bashar, H. Terada, T. Suzuki, K. Ohkura, and K. Yamashita Surgical outcome of acute type A aortic dissection: analysis of risk factors Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2002; 74(1): 75 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Elefteriades What operation for acute type a dissection? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., February 1, 2002; 123(2): 201 - 203. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kirsch, C. Soustelle, R. Houel, M. L. Hillion, and D. Loisance Risk factor analysis for proximal and distal reoperations after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., February 1, 2002; 123(2): 318 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Murashita, T. Kunihara, N. Shiiya, H. Aoki, K. Myojin, and K. Yasuda Is preservation of the aortic valve different between acute and chronic type A aortic dissections? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, November 1, 2001; 20(5): 967 - 972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. T. Kouchoukos, P. Masetti, C. K. Rokkas, and S. F. Murphy Single-stage reoperative repair of chronic type A aortic dissection by means of the arch-first technique J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., September 1, 2001; 122(3): 578 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kazui, N. Washiyama, Abul Hasan Muhammad Bashar, H. Terada, K. Suzuki, K. Yamashita, and M. Takinami Role of biologic glue repair of proximal aortic dissection in the development of early and midterm redissection of the aortic root Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2001; 72(2): 509 - 514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Fujii and S. Koide Prevention of antegrade flow into the false lumen in acute aortic dissection J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2001; 122(2): 404 - 405. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Moon, T. M. Sundt III, M. K. Pasque, H. B. Barner, C. B. Huddleston, R. J. Damiano Jr, and W. A. Gay Jr Does the extent of proximal or distal resection influence outcome for type A dissections? Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2001; 71(4): 1244 - 1249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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