| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;123:1211-1213
© 2002 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery
Brief Communications |
From the Departments of Surgery II,a Cardiology,b Anesthesiology and Resuscitology,c and Cardiovascular Surgery,d Okayama University School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan.
Received for publication Nov 30, 2001. Accepted for publication Dec 10, 2001. Address for reprints: Hiroshi Date, MD, Department of Surgery II, Okayama University School of Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan (E-mail: hdate{at}nigeka2.hospital.okayama-u.ac.jp).
The use of living lung donors has saved the lives of patients who are too ill to wait on the list for cadaveric donors.
1 In this procedure, two healthy donors are usually selected. 2 One donor provides the right lower lobe, and the other provides the left lower lobe. These lobes are implanted in the recipient as the whole right and left lungs. However, finding two healthy living donors is not easy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of single-lobe transplantation for primary pulmonary hypertension.
Clinical summary
A 10-year-old boy had been well until 6 years old in 1998, when symptoms of dyspnea occurred during exercise. Primary pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed, and oxygen inhalation and various oral medications were initiated. In May 1999, when the patient was 8 years old, clinical deterioration required continuous intravenous infusion of prostacyclin. Despite high-dose prostacyclin therapy (90 ng · kg-1 · min-1), the patient remained in New York Heart Association functional class III and was unable to go to school. Right heart catheterization revealed highly elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and a reduced cardiac index (Table 1). Preoperative chest radiography demonstrated marked cardiomegaly (Figure 1, A). Two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated a dilated hypokinetic right ventricle in association with an enlarged right atrium and pulmonary artery, with massive tricuspid regurgitation. Left ventricular function was normal apart from flattening of the interventricular septum (Figure 2, A).
|
|
|
On May 14, 2001, the patient underwent living-donor single-lobe transplantation with the right lower lobe from his 38-year-old mother. Heights and weights were 122 cm and 19.6 kg for the recipient and 158 cm and 52.0 kg for the mother. The patient was placed in the supine position, and a right anterolateral thoracotomy was made at the level of the fourth intercostal space. The costal cartilage of the fourth rib was divided to allow upward mobility of the fourth rib with application of the rib-spreading retractor. The sternum was not divided. A right pneumonectomy and a right lower lobe implantation were performed under conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass. The patient was separated from cardiopulmonary bypass easily after a total of 147 minutes. The initial oxygen tension was 132.9 mm Hg with the patient breathing 80% oxygen, and the systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 32.0 mm Hg after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass.
During the early postoperative period, the patient was treated with various cardiovascular medications, such as intravenously administered dopamine, dobutamine, prostaglandin E1, and phosphodiesterase III inhibitor and inhaled nitric oxide. Postoperative immunosuppression was a triple-drug therapy consisting of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone. The patient was extubated on postoperative day 3 but required emergency reintubation on postoperative day 6 because of left native lung edema of unknown cause. A perfusion scan and pulmonary angiography failed to demonstrate any evidence of pulmonary embolism. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated that pulmonary venous flow was well maintained bilaterally. The patient was completely weaned from the respirator within 9 days, and his further course was relatively uneventful. He was discharged from the hospital free of symptoms and without supplementary oxygen on postoperative day 43.
The postoperative right heart catheterization at 2 months revealed remarkable improvement in pulmonary hemodynamics (Table 1
). Results of arterial blood gas and pulmonary function tests were excellent. A differential ventilation/perfusion scan, performed at 2 months after the operation, demonstrated 83.1% perfusion to the right lung (compared with 61.8% before the operation). Chest radiography demonstrated well-expanded grafts without cardiomegaly (Figure 1, B). Echocardiographic changes included decreases in right atrial and ventricular diameters, round left ventricular shape, and minimum tricuspid regurgitation (Figure 2, B). The beneficial effects of this single-lobe transplantation were maintained through a 6-month follow-up period (Table 1). Six months after the operation, the patient has returned to normal school life and is able to carry out daily activities.
Discussion
Living-donor lobar lung transplantation was introduced by Starnes and colleagues 1 for patients who were thought to be in too critical a condition to wait for a cadaveric lung transplantation. A single donor was used in the beginning, and successful living-donor single-lobe transplantation was reported for a 12-year-old girl with bronchopulmonary dysplasia 3 and an 11-year-old girl with pulmonary fibrosis after bone marrow transplantation. 4 However, a 4-year-old child with Eisenmenger syndrome died of massive pulmonary edema related to inadequate microvasculature in the allograft with the persistence of pulmonary hypertension. 3 Because of this, Starnes and coworkers 1 developed bilateral living-donor lobar lung transplantation, in which two healthy donors donate their right or left lower lobes.
In Japan the number of available cadaveric donors is quite limited (<10 cases/y), and furthermore brain death is accepted only for those older than 15 years old. It was therefore clear that the only realistic option for this boy was to receive a living-donor lobar lung transplant. Currently our institutional review board protocol at Okayama University School of Medicine states that a spouse or a relative within the second degree are the only donors that can be used for living-donor lobar lung transplantation. The patient's father was not considered a suitable donor because of blood type incompatibility, leaving his mother as the only suitable donor.
The mother's forced vital capacity was 3350 mL. Because the right lower lobe comprises 5 of the 19 lung segments, the forced vital capacity of the graft was estimated to be 882 mL (3350 mL x 5/19 ), or 52.3% of the recipient's predicted forced vital capacity (1685 mL). We considered 52.3% to be within an acceptable range, because single-lung transplantation had previously been performed successfully for patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. 5
There were obvious concerns regarding whether pulmonary edema would develop in the transplanted single lobe because a preponderance of pulmonary flow would be directed to the transplanted single lobe as a result of high pulmonary vascular resistance in the remaining native lung. Pulmonary arterial pressure became nearly normal immediately after transplantation, and pulmonary edema did not occur in the transplanted lobe even though it received more than 80% of the cardiac output.
These findings validated the functional capacity of a single lobe to handle the cardiac output of a recipient with primary pulmonary hypertension when the size matching is adequate. However, long-term durability of these hemodynamics as the boy grows remains a major unresolved issue.
References
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Toyooka, K. F. Kusano, K. Goto, Y. Masaomi, T. Oto, Y. Sano, S. Fuke, M. Okazaki, T. Ohe, S. Kasahara, et al. Right but not left ventricular function recovers early after living-donor lobar lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2009; 138(1): 222 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Toyooka, Y. Sano, M. Yamane, T. Oto, M. Okazaki, K. F. Kusano, and H. Date Long-term follow-up of living-donor single lobe transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension in a child. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., February 1, 2008; 135(2): 451 - 452. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Shiraishi, M. Hiratsuka, M. Munakata, T. Higuchi, S. Makihata, Y. Yoshinaga, S. Yamamoto, A. Iwasaki, M. Yasumoto, T. Hamada, et al. Living-donor single-lobe lung transplantation for bronchiolitis obliterans in a 4-year-old boy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2007; 134(4): 1092 - 1093. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Date, K. F. Kusano, H. Matsubara, A. Ogawa, H. Fujio, K. Miyaji, M. Okazaki, M. Yamane, S. Toyooka, M. Aoe, et al. Living-Donor Lobar Lung Transplantation for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension After Failure of Epoprostenol Therapy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 7, 2007; 50(6): 523 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Date, M. Aoe, Y. Sano, I. Nagahiro, K. Miyaji, K. Goto, M. Kawada, S. Sano, and N. Shimizu Improved survival after living-donor lobar lung transplantation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2004; 128(6): 933 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Date, M. Aoe, I. Nagahiro, Y. Sano, A. Andou, H. Matsubara, K. Goto, T. Tedoriya, and N. Shimizu Living-donor lobar lung transplantation for various lung diseases J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2003; 126(2): 476 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| ANN THORAC SURG | ASIAN CARDIOVASC THORAC ANN | EUR J CARDIOTHORAC SURG |
| J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG | ICVTS | ALL CTSNet JOURNALS |
