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Right arrow Lung - cancer

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126:551-557
© 2003 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

General thoracic surgery

The prognostic significance of intranodal isolated tumor cells and micrometastases in patients with non–small cell carcinoma of the lung

Alberto M. Marchevsky, MDa,*, Jian-Huan Qiao, MDa, Sanja Krajisnik, MDa, James M. Mirocha, MSb, Robert J. McKenna, MDc

a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
b Department of Biostatistics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
c Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif, USA

Received for publication July 15, 2002; revisions received August 19, 2002; revisions received October 2, 2002; accepted for publication October 18, 2002.

* Address for reprints: Alberto M. Marchevsky, MD, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
alberto.marchevsky{at}cshs.org


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
OBJECTIVE:: To study whether isolated tumor cells and micrometastases, as defined by the current American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria for extrapulmonary neoplasms, have prognostic value for patients with resected non–small cell carcinoma of the lung.

METHODS: Intrathoracic lymph nodes (n = 1063) from 60 patients with non–small cell carcinoma of the lung were studied for the presence of metastases with serial histologic sections and keratin immunostains. Metastases were classified as isolated tumor cells, pN1mi, pN1, pN2mi, and pN2. Isolated tumor cells were smaller than 0.2 mm, while pN1mi and pN2mi measured 0.2 mm to 2 mm. Survival analysis was performed, stratifying by nodal status and stage.

RESULTS: Isolated tumor cells were detected in 11 lymph nodes from 5 of 33 pN0 patients and in 9 pN1 and pN2 patients. The lymph nodes from 3 patients were reclassified as pN1mi. No pN2mi were detected. A survival model based on a stratification of the cohort into stages I to III was significant (chi-square = 7.426, df = 2, P = .024) but demonstrated considerable overlap between the survival curves of stage I and II patients. A model stratifying isolated tumor cells and pN1mi into stage I disease was significant (chi-square = 7.985, df = 2, P = .018) and showed no overlap between the survival curves of stage I and II patients. There were no significant survival function differences between patients with pN0, isolated tumor cells, and pN1mi.

CONCLUSIONS: Patients with non–small cell carcinoma of the lung with isolated tumor cells and pN1mi have similar survivals to those with pN0, consistent with the findings reported for breast cancer patients. Future larger studies of patients with non–small cell carcinoma of the lung are needed to confirm whether current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging criteria should be modified to include the pN1mi category.

Key Words: 10

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has recently published the sixth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, including revised staging criteria for breast, colon, and other neoplasms.1 Staging criteria for lung cancer remain unchanged. The evaluation of the lymph node status of patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been a source of controversy.2,3 Lymph node metastases can be subclassified into intranodal growth when the tumor is confined within the lymph node capsule and extranodal growth when there is neoplastic invasion of the soft tissues surrounding the nodal tissues. However, as demonstrated by Bollen and associates,4 it is seldom feasible to classify, on the basis of mediastinoscopy, a lymph node involvement as intranodal or extranodal, as portions of each lymph node rather than the entire intact lymph nodes are biopsied. This feature is not used for the routine staging of NSCLC patients or included in the current AJCC criteria for lung cancer.

Several studies have detected keratin-immunoreactive tumor cells in up to 63% of intrathoracic lymph nodes from NSCLC patients.5-10 The prognostic value of detecting these "occult metastases" or "micrometastases" in lung cancer and other neoplasms is the subject of intense research.5,11-18 Cote and associates3,19-22 indicated that "the accumulated evidence strongly suggests that the detection of occult regional and systemic metastases is an important predictor of disease progression." In a more recent study of 119 patients with T1, N0, and M0 adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung, Goldstein and associates12 reported "micrometastases" detectable by keratin immunohistochemistry in up to 8% of N0 patients. However, the overall sensitivity of the method was low, and positive cells were detected in only 0.5% to 1% of the lymph nodes examined. In one of their groups of patients who developed metastatic disease, the finding of micrometastases was significant for prognosis by multivariate analysis, but the authors concluded that due to the low sensitivity of the detection method, the use of immunohistochemical screening of lymph nodes for all N0 patients is questionable. Their study also confirmed the prognostic value of pathologic features such as vascular invasion, extensive central fibrosis, and high nuclear grade. Similar problems have been reported in studies of patients with esophageal, breast, and other neoplasms.5,11,14,23-27

The new AJCC Cancer Staging Manual proposes improved terminology for the classification of lymph node metastases. Isolated tumor cells (ITC) are defined as single tumor cells or small clusters of cells, smaller than 0.2 mm in greatest diameter.1 ITC can be seen on routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections (pNOi-, pNOmol-) or detected with the aid of immunohistochemistry (pNOi+) or molecular methods (pNOmol+). Micrometastases are clusters of tumor cells measuring between 0.2 mm and 2 mm in greatest diameter; they can usually be detected with routine histology and are classified as pN1mi or pN2mi according to their location. However, according to current AJCC criteria for lung cancer, NSCLC patients with a few intranodal tumor cells detected by routine histology or immunohistochemistry should be categorized as pN1 or pN2 according to their location. To our knowledge, it is unclear whether these patients have a similar prognosis as those with larger nodal metastases. We studied the prognostic value of detecting ITC in intrathoracic lymph nodes and distinguishing pN1mi and pN2mi from pN1 and pN2 in a group of 60 consecutive NSCLC patients who had long-term clinical follow-up.


   Methods
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 Abstract
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
NSCLC patients treated with lobectomy at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center during an arbitrarily selected 2-year period (July 1993 to June 1995) were studied. Sixty consecutive patients had adequate clinical follow-up information available at our Tumor Registry. Our Institutional Review Board approved the study and proper informed consent guidelines were followed. Patients who survived the disease had a minimum 5-year clinical follow-up after the initial treatment. The cohort included 37 women and 23 male patients, ranging in age from 37 to 94 years (66.72 ± 12.42 years). NSCLC cell types included adenocarcinoma (n = 37), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 10), adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 9), and large cell carcinoma (n = 4). Tumors ranged in size from 1.6 cm to 10 cm in greatest dimension (4.11 ± 1.53 cm). The pT information of the neoplasms included: pT1 = 19, pT2 = 32, pT3 = 3, and pT4 = 6 cases. The initial nodal status of the 60 patients was: pN0 = 33, pN1 = 11, and pN2 = 16. The H&E-stained histologic slides from 1063 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intrathoracic lymph nodes from these patients were reviewed. Two serial sections, 4 µm in thickness, were made from each lymph node at 50-µm intervals and stained with H&E. A third serial section from each lymph node was stained with immunohistochemistry for keratin AE1/AE3 (Chemicon Inc, Temecula, Calif), using a standard DAKO Envision peroxidase method (DAKO, Carpinteria, Calif). A working dilution of 1:2000 was used for the primary antibody. Our experience with NSCLC is similar to that of Cote and associates,19 who have demonstrated that keratin AE1 and CAM 5.2 yield similar results for the detection of lymph node metastases in breast cancer patients.

Estimation of nodal status
Based on the examination of the initial histologic slides, the initial nodal status of each patient was recorded. The lymph nodes were classified as pN0, pN1, and pN2 according to current AJCC criteria for NSCLC. The size of all lymph node metastases was measured with an eyepiece micrometer. The size of all metastases from the various lymph nodes from each patient was added to an aggregate tumor size per case and stratified into 3 categories: smaller than 0.2 mm, 0.2 mm to 2 mm, and larger than 2 mm. ITC detected in H&E-stained serial histologic sections were classified as pNOi-. They consisted of single or small groups of cells with cytologic features including a nuclear size larger than the diameter of 3 resting mature lymphocytes, anisocytosis, macronucleoli, irregular nuclear membranes, and/or high nucleo:cytoplasmic ratio. Cells with cytoplasmic keratin immunoreactivity that exhibited similar cytologic features, visible with the aid of the nuclear counterstain, were classified as pNOi+. The N status of each case was reclassified into 6 ordered categories, using the terminology proposed in the sixth edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual for breast cancer and other neoplasms: pN0, ITC (including pNOi- and pNOi+), pN1mi, pN1, pN2mi, and pN2. Figures 1 and 2 show examples of isolated tumor cells and micrometastases.



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  		Figure 1. Photomicrograph of isolated tumor cells in a lymph node from a patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung (Dako Envision peroxidase method, 400x). A few cells with cytoplasmic keratin immunoreactive are present near the subcapsular sinus of a lymph node. The inset shows that the cells have a size that is approximately 3 times the size of normal lymphocytes. A lymph node with these cells is classified as pN0i+ to indicate the presence of isolated tumor cells detectable with immunohistochemistry.

 


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  		Figure 2. Photomicrograph of a lymph node with metastatic adenocarcinoma. The tumor nodule is smaller than 2 mm in diameter, the cutoff diameter used for the diagnosis of micrometastases. A lymph node with these cells is classified as pN1mi.

 
Statistical analysis
Survival functions were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Survival functions were compared across current N criteria (pN0, pN1, and pN2) and enhanced criteria including ITC and pN1mi as additional categories. Survival functions of pN0 patients were compared with those with ITC and pN1. Survival functions of patients with ITC and pN1mi were compared with those with pN1. Survival functions were also analyzed by stage, stratifying patients into stages I to III, and by a modified staging scheme that included patients with ITC or pN1 in the stage I group. Homogeneity of survival functions was analyzed using the log-rank test (Mantel method). Analyses were performed using Systat 10.0 software (SPSS Science, Chicago, Ill). Regression analysis was performed to compare the tumor size with the presence of isolated tumor cells in pN0 patients.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Nine hundred forty lymph nodes (88.4%) were negative for metastatic tumor, and 123 lymph nodes (11.6%) were positive by examination of the initial H&E-stained slides. ITC were encountered with the aid of immunohistochemistry in 11 of 463 (2.4%) lymph nodes originally classified as pN0; the same ITC were also visible by examination of H&E-stained step sections in 5 of those lymph nodes. Lymph nodes with pNOi- and pNOi+ were encountered in 5 of 33 (15.2%) pN0 patients (Table 1). Regression analysis showed no significant relationship between tumor size and the presence of isolated tumor cells and/or micrometastases in pN0 patients (df = 1, F = 0.026, P = .87).


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  		TABLE I. Survival proportions of non–small cell carcinoma of the lung patients, by nodal status classified with different criteria (n = 60)

 
In addition, ITC were encountered in 9 of 477 (1.9%) previously negative lymph nodes from pN1 and pN2 cases. None of the pN1 patients were upstaged to pN2 as a result of encountering ITC. The lymph nodes from 3 of 11 (27.3%) patients with pN1 nodal status by initial examination had metastases measuring 0.2 mm to 2 mm in greatest diameter and could be reclassified as pN1mi. All cases with pN2 had metastases larger than 2 mm.

The proportions of patients who survived their disease, by nodal status, are shown in Table 1. The survival proportions of pN0 cases (63.6%) did not change after ITC cases were removed from this group and reclassified as pN0i+ (64.3%). The survival proportions of pN1 patients declined considerably from 45.4% to 25% after cases with micrometastases were removed from this group and reclassified as pN1mi. All 3 patients with pN1mi survived. Figure 3 shows significantly different survival curves by initial nodal status (chi-square = 7.744, df = 2, P = .021). There were no significant differences in the survival functions of pN0 patients compared with those with ITC and pN1mi (chi-square = 0.001, df = 1, P = .975). Figure 4 shows no significant differences in the survival functions of patients with pN0i+ or pN1mi compared with those with pN1 (chi-square = 3.028, df = 1, P = .082). However, the graph shows 2 distinct survival curves and the lack of significant differences may result from the small sample size. Survival functions could not be compared across the pN1 and pN1mi categories due to the small number of patients. Figure 5 shows different survival curves for patients stratified by stages I to III (chi-square = 7.426, df = 2, P = .024). However, this model shows some overlap between the survival curves of stage I and II patients. Figure 6 shows different survival curves by stage when cases with ITC and pN1mi are classified as stage I disease (chi-square = 7.985, df = 2, P = .018). This model shows a distinct survival curve for stage I disease and some overlap between the survival curves of stage II and III disease.



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  		Figure 3. Survival analysis of all 60 patients showing significant stratification of the patients by the original nodal status.

 


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  		Figure 4. Survival analysis of a subgroup of 16 patients, showing apparent, but no significant differences in survivor function between patients with isolated tumor cells (ITC) and micrometastasis (pN1mi) from those with nodal metastases larger than 2 mm in size.

 


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  		Figure 5. Survival analysis of all 60 patients by stage before correction of nodal status for the presence of micrometastases. The graph shows considerable overlap between the survival curves of patients in stages I and II.

 


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  		Figure 6. Survival analysis of all 60 patients after the stage was corrected by subtracting micrometastases from the pN1 category. The graph shows visually different curves for patients in stage I and II disease.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Our preliminary study suggests that the current criteria proposed by the AJCC for the classification of the N status of various extrapulmonary neoplasms may also be useful for NSCLC patients. We detected ITC in 15.2% of pN0 NSCLC patients, but this finding did not influence the proportion of pN0 patients who survived their disease or their survival functions. Our results support the use of pNOi- and pNOi+, rather than pN1, terminology for patients with ITC until more data are available to justify staging them as stage II disease. Similar findings have been reported in studies of breast cancer and other neoplasms, leading to the development of the current pNOi, pNmi terminology supported by AJCC.1 Our data, based on a very small number of cases, also suggest that measuring the size of small lymph node metastases and classifying them into pN1mi, using the 2-mm cutoff value proposed by AJCC for other neoplasms, may have a prognostic value in NSCLC patients. Patients with pN0i+ and pN1mi had 60% and 100% survivals, respectively, compared with a 25% survival for patients with metastases larger than 2 mm in pN1 lymph nodes. Moreover, the survivals of patients initially classified as pN1 declined from 45.4% to 25% after the 3 cases with micrometastases were excluded. Survival analysis by stage, classifying NSCLC patients with ITC and pN1mi as stage I rather than stage II disease, yields a significant survival model and appears to provide distinct survival curves between stage I and others.

The study of lymph nodes with immunohistochemistry and the measurement of metastases did not contribute significant prognostic information to our pN2 patients. No instances of pN2mi were encountered in our 16 pN2 patients, and none of our 11 pN1 patients were upstaged as a result of these additional studies. These findings suggest that keratin immunohistochemistry is unlikely to be useful for the study of larger cohorts of pN1 and pN2 patients. Future studies with larger number of pN1 cases are needed to confirm the possible prognostic value of identifying pN1mi.

Our study raises questions regarding the practical role of immunohistochemistry for the study of lymph node metastases in patients with NSCLC. Several previous studies have reported that the finding of keratin immunoreactive tumor cells in approximately 4% to 63% of lymph nodes from NSCLC patients is usually associated with a less favorable prognosis.5-8,10,28,29 However, various definitions for "micrometastases" or "occult metastases" have been used; the size of the metastases has not always been reported and relatively small numbers of patients have been studied.30-32 Potential sources of variability include the study of only N0 patients by some investigators and of N0 to N3 by others and the use of different antibodies and/or immunohistochemical detection methods.12 Our data support the suggestion by Goldstein and associates12 that although ITC can be detected with immunohistochemistry in a significant number of previously negative lymph nodes, many of them are seen in NSCLC patients with other positive pN1 and pN2 lymph nodes. Slightly less than half of the lymph nodes with immunoreactive ITC encountered in our study were detected in the negative lymph nodes from patients with other positive pN1 and pN2 lymph nodes; the stage of these patients remained unchanged.

The influence of the size of intranodal metastases on the prognosis of NSCLC patients has not been studied extensively, to our knowledge. Bollen and associates4 demonstrated that NSCLC patients with "minimal disease," characterized by the presence of a single, small metastatic focus, had significantly better survival rates than N2 patients with more extensive nodal involvement.

Molecular methods may offer a more sensitive and cost-effective method for the detection of occult micrometastases in the future, but it is unclear if these findings are going to provide prognostic information for NSCLC patients. Salerno and associates18 demonstrated the presence of MUC1 RNA in histologically negative lymph nodes from NSCLC patients, using reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Recently D’Amico and colleagues33,34 and Ahrendt and coworkers35 have applied molecular methods to the assessment of lymph nodes in patients with resected stage I NSCLC. Occult lymph node metastases identified based on the presence of p53 and k-Ras mutations are found in up to 50% of patients but do not correlate with overall survival.35 D’Amico and colleagues33,34 have demonstrated that expression levels of markers such as p53, urokinase plasminogen activator, E-cadherin, and ErbB2 correlated with the rate of brain metastases.

It is premature to speculate how stage I and II NSCLC patients will be managed in the future based on the detection of micrometastatic disease, as current postoperative therapeutic modalities are not very effective. To our knowledge, breast cancer patients with micrometastases are currently not being treated with chemotherapy, although this option is offered to pN1 patients.19

In conclusion, NSCLC patients with ITC and pN1mi have similar survival rates as those with pN0, results that are consistent with those already reported for breast cancer and other cancer patients. Lymph nodes with ITC should probably not be classified as pN1 until future studies demonstrate a clear prognostic value for this finding. Larger groups of NSCLC patients with stage II disease need to be studied for the distinction of pN1mi versus pN1 to determine whether current AJCC staging criteria for NSCLC patients need to be modified.


   Acknowledgments
 
The authors thank Dr Randa Alsabeh for assistance in the performance of immunostains and the selection of cases.


   References
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 Abstract
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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A. Gajra and S. Graziano
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J. Clin. Oncol., December 15, 2003; 21(24): 4661 - 4662.
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