JTCS KCI
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Personal Folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Author home page(s):
Teruhisa Kazui
Naoki Washiyama
Katsushi Yamashita
Right arrow Permission Requests
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Shi, E.
Right arrow Articles by Terada, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Shi, E.
Right arrow Articles by Terada, H.
Related Collections
Right arrow Great vessels

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:364-371
© 2005 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

Cardiopulmonary Support and Physiology

NS-7, a novel Na+/Ca2+ channel blocker, prevents neurologic injury after spinal cord ischemia in rabbits

Enyi Shi, MDa,,*, Teruhisa Kazui, MD, PhDa,*, Xiaojing Jiang, MDb, Naoki Washiyama, MD, PhDa, Kazuchika Suzuki, MDa, Katsushi Yamashita, MD, PhDa, Hitoshi Terada, MD, PhDa

a First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan,
b Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan

Received for publication February 2, 2004; revisions received April 28, 2004; accepted for publication May 6, 2004.

* Address for reprints: Teruhisa Kazui, MD, PhD, the First Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
tkazui{at}hama-med.ac.jp


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the neuroprotective effect of NS-7 (4–[4–fluorophenyl]–2–methyl–6– [5–piperidinopntyloxy] pyrimidine hydrochloride), a novel Na+/Ca2+ channel blocker, on transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.

METHODS: Spinal cord ischemia was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by means of infrarenal aortic occlusion for 20 minutes. Four experimental groups were enrolled. A sham group (n = 3) underwent the same operation without aortic occlusion. A control group (n = 7) received only saline before occlusion. Group A (n = 8) received NS-7 (1 mg/kg) 15 minutes before ischemia, and group B (n = 8) received NS-7 (1 mg/kg) at the onset of reperfusion. Neurologic function was assessed 24 and 48 hours after the operation with modified Tarlov criteria. Spinal cords were harvested for histopathologic examination and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL staining). Spinal cord infarction was investigated with 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazonlium chloride staining.

RESULTS: Tarlov scoring demonstrated marked improvement in both group A and group B compared with the control group at 24 and 48 hours after the operation. Minimal histologic changes were found in lumbar spinal cords of the 2 NS-7–treated groups, whereas severe neuronal necrosis was shown in the control group. TUNEL-positive neurons and the infarct size of lumbar spinal cords were significantly reduced by NS-7 administered both before ischemia and at the onset of reperfusion. No significant difference was noted between group A and group B in terms of spinal cord protection.

CONCLUSION: These results indicate that NS-7 protects the spinal cord against ischemic injury by preventing both neuronal necrosis and apoptosis.

Paraplegia that results from spinal cord injury remains a major devastating and unpredictable complication after surgical repair of descending and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.1 The mechanism of spinal cord injury during operations on the thoracic aorta is believed to be related primarily to direct tissue ischemia. Numerous surgical techniques and pharmacologic interventions have been used to protect spinal cords, but the complication still cannot be prevented completely.2

Although the precise neurochemical sequels after ischemia remain to be clarified, the action of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels (VSSCs), as well as Ca2+ channels, are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic neurologic injury.3,4 The opening of VSSCs facilitates ischemic glutamate release and intercellular Ca2+ overload,5,6 which have been considered the major cause of neuronal degeneration after cerebral ischemia.7,8 Consistent with these findings, Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers have been proved to be neuroprotective in models of spinal cord and cerebral ischemia.9,10

NS-7 (4–[4–fluorophenyl]–2–methyl–6– [5–piperidinopntyloxy] pyrimidine hydrochloride; Nippon Shinyaku Co, Kyoto, Japan) is a novel VSSC and Ca2+ channel blocker developed as a neuroprotective agent. This compound blocks the function of VSSCs by acting on the neurotoxin receptor site 2 in the brain.11 NS-7 also inhibits Na+ and Ca2+ currents through L- and N-type Ca2+ channels in NG108-15 cells12 and blocks the KCl-induced activation of nitric oxide synthase by closing L- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels in primary cultured neurons.13 The cerebroprotective actions of NS-7 have been shown in both in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. It protects the cerebral tissue against ischemic insults by reducing the infarct size, improving the disturbance of cerebral energy metabolism, suppressing the cerebral edema, and reversing the behavioral and cognitive dysfunction.14-18 However, the possible neuroprotective effect of NS-7 on spinal cord ischemia has not yet been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether NS-7 administered before or after aortic occlusion was capable of preserving the motor function and preventing neuronal cell necrosis and apoptosis in a well-characterized rabbit model of spinal cord ischemia.


   Materials and methods
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Animal care and surgical procedure
Twenty-six male New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2.2 to 3.0kg were used in this experiment. The animal protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee for Animal Experimentation of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine and in accordance with the National Institutes of Health "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals."

Surgical preparation was conducted according to the method described by our department previously.19 A 24-gauge venous catheter was placed in the marginal ear vein for drug administration. The rabbits were anesthetized with intravenous sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) and allowed to breathe spontaneously. Lidocaine (0.5%) was administered at the site of the skin incision as local anesthesia. The left common carotid artery was cannulated with a 24-gauge catheter for monitoring the arterial pressure. Core body temperature was continuously monitored with a rectal probe and was maintained at 38.5°C with the aid of a heating lamp. The infrarenal abdominal aorta was exposed through a transperitoneal approach. After systemic heparinization (200 U/kg), spinal cord ischemia was induced by occluding the abdominal aorta with snares for 20 minutes just distal to the renal arteries and just above the aortic bifurcation. Then the snares were released, and the flank was closed in 2 layers.

All animals were killed by means of a lethal injection of pentobarbital (200 mg/kg) 48 hours after the operation. Spinal cords were quickly harvested and sectioned from the low thoracic level to the low lumbar level into the following 4 segments: low thoracic (T10–T12), upper lumbar (L1–L2), mid lumbar (L3–L4), and low lumbar (L5–L6).

Experimental protocol
NS-7 was dissolved in 0.9% saline. The rabbits were assigned randomly to 1 of the 4 groups. The sham group (n = 3) underwent the same operation without aortic occlusion. The control group (n = 7) received saline (1 mL) intravenously 15 minutes before aortic occlusion. NS-7 (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously as a bolus dose 15 minutes before aortic occlusion in group A (n = 8) or just after releasing the snares (at the onset of reperfusion) in group B (n = 8).

Neurologic assessment
Hind-limb motor function was scored 24 and 48 hours after the operation by the modified Tarlov scale20: 0, no movement; 1, slight movement; 2, sit with assistance; 3, sit alone; 4, weak hop; 5, normal hop. The neurologic function was graded by an observer without knowledge of the treatment.

TTC staining
To measure the infarct size of spinal cords, 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazonlium chloride (TTC; Sigma Chemical, St Louis, Mo) staining was used, which can turn the viable tissue brick red and the necrotic tissue pale. Spinal cords (mid lumbar segment) were quickly removed, and transverse sections of about 2 mm in thickness were cut. Slices were then incubated for 30 minutes in 1% TTC at 37°C. After fixation in a 10% formalin solution, the TTC-stained sections were photographed. The area of infarction was calculated with National Institutes of Health Image software. The infarct size was expressed as a percentage of the area of the whole gray matter.

Histopathologic examination
The spinal cords were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. Two transverse sections (4 µm) of each segment were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histologic damage was graded by using semiquantitative scoring (Table 1). 21 An investigator who was unaware of the animal group and neurologic outcome examined each slide.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1. Semiquantitative scoring for histologic assessment of spinal cord injury

 
TUNEL staining
Paraffin-embedded sections (mid lumbar segment) were used for in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL staining) with Apop Tag (Intergen Co, New York, NY), according to the protocols recommended by the manufacturer. In brief, after being deparaffinized, the sections were treated with proteinase and 0.3% H2O2. Then the sections were incubated for 60 minutes with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme at 37°C. The color was developed with a DAB/H2O2 solution. The sections were counterstained in methyl green. The number of motor neurons that were positive in TUNEL staining was counted in 3 sections, and the values were averaged.22,23

Statistical analysis
The data are presented as means ± SD. Statistical analyses of neurologic scores and histologic scores were performed with Mann-Whitney U tests. The physiologic data were processed by means of analysis of variance for repeated measures. The numbers of TUNEL-positive neurons and the infarct size of spinal cords were evaluated by 1-way analysis of variance, followed by the Dunnett test when significant differences were identified.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Physiologic parameters
All the animals survived the entire observation period. Body weight, rectal temperature, and mean arterial blood pressure values at baseline, 10 minutes after ischemia, and 10 minutes after reperfusion are shown in Table 2. There were no significant differences in the weights of the animals. Rectal temperature and mean arterial blood pressure were not significantly different among the 4 groups at each time point.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 2. Physiologic parameters

 
Neurologic assessment
Neurologic assessment results are summarized in Table 3. All the rabbits in the sham group remained normal (Tarlov score of 5) throughout the observation period. Twenty minutes of infrarenal aortic occlusion resulted in severe lower-extremity neurologic deficits in the control group. NS-7 treatment (group A and group B) remarkably enhanced the recovery of motor function in the hind limbs both 24 hours and 48 hours after the operation (P < .01 for group A and B vs the control group at both time points). Compared with group A, better Tarlov scores were obtained with animals that received NS-7 at the onset of reperfusion (group B), but the differences were not significant.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 3. Neurologic score at 24 and 48 hours after the operation

 
Infarct size of spinal cord
Photographs of TTC staining of the spinal cords (mid lumbar level) are shown in Figure 1. No spinal cord infarction was detected in the rabbits that underwent a sham operation. Forty-eight hours after the spinal cord ischemia, the average size of the infarction in the control group was 54.7% ± 19.8% (Figure 2). NS-7 was effective in reducing the infarct size when it was injected before ischemia (14.0% ± 14.3%, P < .05) or at the onset of reperfusion (12.1% ± 12.8%, P < .05). Overall, the results show a good correlation with the average neurologic scores at 48 hours.



View larger version (114K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 1. Representative photographs of the lumbar spinal cord sections stained with TTC. Viable tissue is brick red, whereas infracted tissue is pale. White matter is also pale. The specimen from the sham group (A) shows no infarction in the gray matter, whereas almost the entire anterior horns show infarction in the section from the control group (B). Minimal gray matter infarction is shown in rabbits that received NS-7 before ischemia (C) or at the onset of reperfusion (D).

 


View larger version (9K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 2. Infarct size of the lumbar spinal cord (mid lumbar level). *P < .05 compared with the control group.

 
Histopathologic examination
No sign of spinal cord damage was observed in the hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections at any level in the sham-operated rabbits. The low thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cords from the other 3 groups showed no or only minimal injury. Although minor histologic changes occurred more frequently in the control group, the differences in histologic scores did not reach statistical significance. Examination of the mid lumbar and low lumbar spinal cords of the control group revealed severe neuronal damage, as evidenced by eosinophilic neuronal degeneration, vacuolization, and frank necrosis (Fig 3, B). However, the rabbits treated with NS-7 (group A and group B) showed only slight changes in the spinal cords at these 2 levels, and the average histologic scores were significantly lower than those of the control group (Figure 4).



View larger version (155K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 3. Histologic sections of lumbar spinal cords (mid lumbar). (Original magnification 200x.) No histologic changes are shown in the ventral horns of a sham-operated rabbit (A). The specimen from a control animal (B) exhibits eosinophilic neuronal degeneration (arrows), vacuolization, and frank necrosis, whereas animals that received NS-7 before ischemia (C) or at the onset of reperfusion (D) show minimal evidence of cellular damage.

 


View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 4. Mean histologic scores of ischemic injury at different levels of the spinal cord. LT, Low thoracic; UL, upper lumbar; ML, mid lumbar; LL, low lumbar. *P < .05, #P < .01 compared with the control group (Mann-Whitney U tests).

 
TUNEL staining
Cells with double-strand breaks in DNA, which are suggestive of apoptosis, are detected by means of TUNEL staining. The spinal cords from the rabbits in the sham group showed no evidence of TUNEL staining. Samples from the control group stained strongly positive, with numerous TUNEL-positive motor neurons scattered in the ventral gray matter (Figure 5, B). NS-7 injected 15 minutes before ischemia or at the onset of reperfusion strongly reduced the total number of apoptotic motor neurons compared with that seen in the control group (P < .05, Figure 6). No significant difference in the total number of apoptotic motor neurons was found between the 2 NS-7–treated groups.



View larger version (133K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 5. TUNEL staining of sections of lumbar spinal cords from rabbits in the sham (A), control (B), and the 2 NS-7–treated groups (C, treatment before ischemia; D, treatment at the onset of reperfusion). (Original magnification 200x.) Arrows show the TUNEL-positive motor neuron cells.

 


View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 6. Number of TUNEL-positive motor neurons of spinal cords (mid lumbar level) 48 hours after ischemia. *P < .05 compared with the control group.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
The present study provides evidence for the first time that NS-7, a novel Na+/Ca2+ channel blocker, reduces the neurologic injury caused by spinal cord ischemia. In this study occlusion of the infrarenal aorta for 20 minutes resulted in severe neurologic deficits at both 24 and 48 hours after ischemia.24 Significantly better neurologic outcomes were induced by a single injection of NS-7. The treatment with NS-7 prevented both neuronal necrosis and apoptosis of the ischemic spinal cord. Potential neuroprotective effects were also observed, even when NS-7 was given after spinal cord ischemia.

As a novel neuroprotective agent, the important and direct effect of NS-7 is to block the function of VSSCs and Ca2+ channels. Evidence has accumulated that excessive glutamate release and subsequent increase of intercellular Ca2+ concentration involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic neurologic injury contribute to the activation of the voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels. During cerebral ischemia, depletion of cellular adenosine triphosphate and the resultant dysfunction of Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase causes an increase in the intracellular Na+ concentration, which in turn depolarizes the neuronal membrane, thereby activating voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels.25 The opening of the Na+ channel augments the accumulation of intracellular Na+, which in turn operates the glutamate transporter in the reverse direction and leads to a massive glutamate release.6,26 The rundown of the Na+ gradient also causes an excessive Ca2+ entry through the reversed Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.5 The resultant breakdown of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis activates a variety of intracellular Ca2+-dependent enzymes, including the protease calpain, nitric oxide synthase, and phospholipases, and causes cell death.27

Necrosis is one of the main pathophysiologic changes of ischemia-induced neurologic injury. In vivo NS-7 has been demonstrated to reduce the size of cerebral infarction significantly after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion,15-17 and a delayed injection of NS-7, at 6 to 12 hours after ischemia, is still effective in reducing the infarct size.15 In a transient cerebral ischemia model, a single injection of NS-7 also produces a marked reduction of cerebral infarction, even when it is used at the onset of reperfusion.18 In the present study TTC staining showed that the infarct size of the spinal cord was markedly reduced by NS-7 treatment. Furthermore, a delayed administration of NS-7, such as after ischemia, was also effective, similar to its cerebral protective effects. Persistent activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) has recently been reported to be crucial for neuronal survival. In another transient cerebral ischemia model, NS-7 administrated after recirculation was found to retain a normal histologic appearance in the inner border zone of the ischemic area, with a moderate but sustained increase in CREB phosphorylation. The upstream cascades not mediated through voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels seem to moderately activate CREB phosphorylation during postischemic recirculation, which might contribute to the neuroprotection of NS-7, even when it is used after reperfusion.17 Moreover, the infarct size was grossly proportional to the neurologic score. TTC staining has been commonly used to detect myocardial infarction,28 as well as cerebral infarction.15 To our knowledge, this is the first time this method has been applied to spinal cords. The results demonstrated that TTC staining is effective in the assessment of ischemia-induced spinal cord injury. The histopathologic examination of the spinal cord also confirmed these observations. Control rabbits exhibited frank necrosis within the mid and low lumbar regions of the spinal cord, whereas NS-7–treated animals demonstrated less histologic damage.

Neuronal cell death induced by ischemia has been revealed to occur also through apoptosis. As programmed cell death, apoptosis is defined morphologically and biochemically by cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and internucleosomal fragment of DNA.29 Apoptosis has been demonstrated to be an important mode of neuron death in the ischemic spinal cord.22,23,29 Influx of Ca2+ into the cell has been shown to play an important role in the initiation of apoptotic cell death. On the other hand, agents that block Ca2+ entry have been demonstrated to inhibit apoptosis.30 In this study apoptotic cell death was detected on the basis of positive TUNEL staining, with the brown nucleus in a granular pattern. Numerous apoptotic motor neurons were observed in the spinal cords of the control animals. The total number of TUNEL-positive motor neurons was reduced significantly after NS-7 treatment. The results showed that, in addition to its antinecrosis effect, NS-7 also prevented neuron apoptosis.

Some previous Na+/Ca2+ channel blockers have been reported to be neuroprotective, but serious adverse cardiovascular actions, such as hypotension and cardiac arrhythmia, have limited the clinical use of these agents.17 A definite advantage of NS-7 is freedom from these side effects.17 NS-7 preferentially distributes to the membrane-enriched synaptosomal fraction of the brain rather than the heart and has a much higher affinity for brain VSSCs than cardiac VSSCs, indicating that it might exert less adverse effects on cardiac function.11 As shown in the present study, NS-7 administration did not induce hypotension. In any case, the possibility that mechanisms other than Na+/Ca2+ channel blockade contribute to the neuroprotective actions of NS-7 cannot be ruled out.

In conclusion, the administration of NS-7 resulted in a significant improvement in the neurologic outcome after transient spinal cord ischemia. NS-7 protected the spinal cord against ischemic insults by preventing neuron necrosis and apoptosis. This study suggests that NS-7 possesses a potential value in the prevention of neurologic injury after thoracic aneurysm surgery.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by the Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (no. 15591469).

* Dr Shi is currently affiliated with the Department of Cardiac Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China. Back


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Svensson LG, Crawford ES, Hess KR, Coseslli JS, Safi HJ. Experience with 1509 patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic operations. J Vasc Surg. 1993;17:357–370[Medline]
  2. Gharagozloo F, Larson J, Dausmann MJ, Neville RF Jr, Gomes MN. Spinal cord protection during surgical procedures on the descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta: review of current techniques. Chest. 1996;109:799–809[Free Full Text]
  3. Barone FC, Lysko PG, Price WJ, Feuerstein G, Al-Baracanji KA, Benham CD, et al. SB201823-A antagonizes calcium currents in central neurons and reduces the effects of focal ischemia in rats and mice. Stroke. 1995;26:1683–1690[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Lipton P. Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiol Rev. 1999;79:1431–1568[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Koch RA, Barish ME. Perturbation of intracellular calcium and hydrogen ion regulation in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons by reduction of the sodium ion concentration gradient. J Neurosci. 1994;14:2585–2593[Abstract]
  6. Kanai Y, Smith CP, Hediger MA. The elusive transporters with a high affinity for glutamate. Trends Neurosci. 1993;16:365–370[Medline]
  7. Choi DW, Koh JY, Peters S. Pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture: attenuation by NMDA antagonists. J Neurosci. 1988;8:185–196[Abstract]
  8. Oka M, Itoh Y, Ukai Y. Involvement of Na+ and Ca2+ channel activation and resultant nitric oxide synthesis in glutamate-mediated hypoxic injury in rat cerebrocortical slices. Life Sci. 2000;67:2331–2343[Medline]
  9. Gangemi JJ, Kern JA, Ross SD, Shockey KS, Kron IL, Tribble CG. Retrograde perfusion with a sodium channel antagonist provides ischemic spinal cord protection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:1744–1749[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Gemba T, Ninomiya M, Matsunaga K, Ueda M. Effects of a novel calcium antagonist, S-(+)-methyl-4, 7-dihydro-3-isobutyl-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) thieno [2,3-b]pyridine-5-carboxylate (S-312-d), on ischemic amino acid release and neuronal injury in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;265:463–467[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Shimidzu T, Itoh Y, Tatsumi S, Hayashi S, Ukai Y, Yoshikuni Y, et al. Blockade of voltage-sensitive sodium channels by NS-7, a novel neuroprotective compound, in the rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1997;355:601–608[Medline]
  12. Suma C, Hayashi S, Ukai Y, Yoshikuni Y. Kimura K. Na+ and high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel blocking actions of NS-7, a novel neuroprotective agent, in NG108-15 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997;336:283–290[Medline]
  13. Oka M, Ito Y, Ukai Y, Kimura K. Blockade by NS-7, a neuroprotective compound, of both L-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels involving depolarization-stimulated nitric oxide synthase activity in primary neuronal culture. J Neurochem. 1999;72:1315–1322[Medline]
  14. Oka M, Itoh Y, Ukai Y. Preferential inhibition by a novel Na+/Ca2+ channel blocker NS-7 of severe to mild ischemic injury in rat cerebrocortical slices: a possible involvement of a highly voltage-dependent blockade of Ca2+ channel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;293:522–529[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Aoki Y, Tamura M, Itoh Y, Ukai Y. Cerebroprotective action of a Na+/Ca2+ channel blocker NS-7: I. Effect on the cerebral infarction and edema at the acute stage of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res. 2001;890:162–169[Medline]
  16. Tamura M, Aoki Y, Seto T, Itoh Y, Ukai Y. Cerebroprotective action of a Na+/Ca2+ channel blocker NS-7. II. Effect on the cerebral infarction, behavioral and cognitive impairments at the chronic stage of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res. 2001;890:170–176[Medline]
  17. Tanaka K, Nogawa S, Nagata E, Suzuki S, Dembo T, Kosakai A, et al. Effects of blockade of voltage-sensitive Ca(2+)/Na(+) channels by a novel phenylpyrimidine derivative, NS-7, on CREB phosphorylation in focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. 2000;873:83–93[Medline]
  18. Katsumata T, Muramatsu H, Nakamura H, Nishiyama Y, Aoki Y, Katayama Y. Neuroprotective effect of NS-7, a novel Na(+) and Ca(2+) channel blocker, in a focal ischemic model in the rat. Brain Res. 2003;969:168–174[Medline]
  19. Terada H, Kazui T, Takinami M, Yamashita K, Washiyama N, Muhammad BA. Reduction of ischemic spinal cord injury by dextrorphan: comparison of several methods of administration. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122:979–985[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Tarlov IM. Acute spinal cord compression paralysis. J Neurosurg. 1972;36:10–20[Medline]
  21. Martelli E, Cho JS, Mozes G, Gloviczki P. Epidural cooling for the prevention of ischemic injury to the spinal cord during aortic occlusion in a rabbit model: determination of the optimal temperature. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35:547–553[Medline]
  22. Sakurai M, Abe K, Hayashi T, Setoguchi Y, Yaginuma G, Meguro T, et al. Adenovirus-mediated glial cell line-derived neuroprophic factor gene delivery reduces motor neuron injury after transient spinal cord ischemia rabbits. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120:1148–1157[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  23. Lang-Lazdunski L, Blondeau N, Jarretou G, Lazdunski M, Heurteaux C. Linolenic acid prevents neuronal cell death and paraplegia after transient spinal cord ischemia in rats. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:564–575[Medline]
  24. Caparrelli DJ, Cattaneo SM 2nd, Bethea BT, Shake JG, Eberhart C, Blue ME, et al. Pharmacological preconditioning ameliorates neurological injury in a model of spinal cord ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:838–845[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Calabresi P, Marfia GA, Centonze D, Pisani A, Bernardi G. Sodium influx plays a major role in the membrane depolarization induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in rat striatal spiny neurons. Stroke. 1999;30:171–179[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Szatkowski M, Barbour B, Attwell D. Non-vesicular release of glutamate from glial cells by reversed electrogenic glutamate uptake. Nature. 1990;348:443–446[Medline]
  27. Orrenius S, McConkey DJ, Bellomo G, Nicotera P. Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1989;10:281–285[Medline]
  28. Zhao T, Xi L, Chelliah J, Levasseur JE, Kukreja RC. Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates delayed myocardial protection induced by activation of adenosine A1 receptors: evidence from gene-knockout mice. Circulation. 2000;102:902–907[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Mackey ME, Wu Y, Hu R, DeMaro JA, Jacquin MF, Kanellopoulos GK, et al. Cell death suggestive of apoptosis after spinal cord ischemia in rabbits. Stroke. 1997;28:2012–2017[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  30. Manion MK, Su Z, Villain M, Blalock JE. A new type of Ca(2+) channel blocker that targets Ca(2+) sensors and prevents Ca(2+)-mediated apoptosis. FASEB J. 2000;14:1297–1306[Abstract/Free Full Text]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Interact CardioVasc Thorac SurgHome page
S. Iwamoto, A. Higashi, T. Ueno, M. Goto, Y. Iguro, and R. Sakata
Protective effect of sivelestat sodium hydrate (ONO-5046) on ischemic spinal cord injury
Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg, June 1, 2009; 8(6): 606 - 609.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
M. Sirlak, S. Eryilmaz, M. Bahadir Inan, Y. S. Sirin, O. Besalti, L. Yazicioglu, E. Ozcinar, E. Erdemli, R. Tasoz, A. H. Elhan, et al.
Effects of carbamazepine on spinal cord ischemia.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2008; 136(4): 1038 - 1043.e4.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
E. Shi, T. Kazui, X. Jiang, N. Washiyama, K. Yamashita, H. Terada, and A. H. M. Bashar
Therapeutic Benefit of Intrathecal Injection of Marrow Stromal Cells on Ischemia-Injured Spinal Cord
Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2007; 83(4): 1484 - 1490.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
E. Shi, X. Jiang, T. Kazui, N. Washiyama, K. Yamashita, H. Terada, and A. H. M. Bashar
Nonviral gene transfer of hepatocyte growth factor attenuates neurologic injury after spinal cord ischemia in rabbits
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2006; 132(4): 941 - 947.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
E. Shi, T. Kazui, X. Jiang, N. Washiyama, K. Yamashita, H. Terada, and A. H. M. Bashar
Intrathecal Injection of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Attenuates Neurologic Injury After Spinal Cord Ischemia
Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2006; 81(6): 2227 - 2234.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
K. Suzuki, T. Kazui, H. Terada, K. Umemura, Y. Ikeda, A. H. M. Bashar, K. Yamashita, N. Washiyama, T. Suzuki, K. Ohkura, et al.
Experimental study on the protective effects of edaravone against ischemic spinal cord injury
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2005; 130(6): 1586 - 1592.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Personal Folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Author home page(s):
Teruhisa Kazui
Naoki Washiyama
Katsushi Yamashita
Right arrow Permission Requests
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Shi, E.
Right arrow Articles by Terada, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Shi, E.
Right arrow Articles by Terada, H.
Related Collections
Right arrow Great vessels

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANN THORAC SURG ASIAN CARDIOVASC THORAC ANN EUR J CARDIOTHORAC SURG
J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG ICVTS ALL CTSNet JOURNALS