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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:1455-1456
© 2005 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery
Brief Communication |
a Division of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
b Head and Neck Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
c Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
Received for publication October 2, 2004; accepted for publication November 4, 2004. * Address for reprints: Lorenzo Spaggiari, MD, PhD, Division of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (Email: lorenzo.spaggiari{at}ieo.it).
Tracheal resection is still one of the greatest challenges in the treatment of tracheal tumors.1 The maximum amount of trachea that can be resected during resection-anastomosis is around 50%, but, when a larger resection is required, the risk of postoperative dehiscence increases, followed by a very elevated risk of postoperative death.
We report on our experience with treating a tracheal anastomotic dehiscence that developed after an extended tracheal resection was performed for a thyroid tumor relapse. The technique used to repair the dehiscence, a composite skin/omental/muscle graft, permitted restoration of tracheal continuity and of a normal respiratory function.
Clinical Summary
In May 2001, a 37-year-old man underwent thyroidectomy for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid at another institution. In May 2002, he developed a relapse with tracheal infiltration and was admitted to our institute in July 2002 for an extended resection of the trachea. A double transmanubrial approach was used.2 After an extensive tracheal devascularization, a 5.5-cm long tracheal resection was performed. The tumor (9.2 cm in diameter) was removed along with the trachea, thymus, and all cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes. Tracheal reconstruction was carried out by resection-anastomosis, in conjunction with tracheal release, the Dedo-Fishmann maneuver, and cervical flexion. Final diagnosis was medullary carcinoma of the thyroid pT4, pN1b. The patient was then immediately extubated, and, after 24 hours of intensive care unit stay, was returned to the hospital ward.
Six days after the operation, the patient developed a complete dehiscence of the tracheal suture, requiring emergency surgery. Due to the previous lateral devascularization, tracheal stumps appeared ischemic for about 2 cm, resulting in an overall loss of about 9 cm of tracheal matter, leaving 1.5 cm of viable trachea above the carina and below the larynx, respectively. Tracheal continuity was reconstructed by grafting and suturing a 9 x 6–cm chest wall skin flap to the still viable distal and proximal tracheal stumps and, then, to the lateral esophageal margins; hence, the muscular wall of the esophagus gave rise to the membranous portion of the new trachea (Figures 1 and 2). An omentoplasty was then used to cover up the graft. A myoplasty of the left major pectoral muscle onto the omentum completed the surgery, while resection of the manubrium and both the clavicular joints facilitated closing of the surgical wounds.
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After 7 days, the patient began to demonstrate expiratory dyspnea. A bronchoscopic examination revealed the beginning of stenosis of the graft. An Ultraflex stent (Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, Mass) was then put in place, and a marked improvement in the clinical picture followed. Twenty-four months after the operation, the patient is doing well, with no recurrence.
Discussion
Even though numerous techniques have been proposed for restoring trachea l continuity after subtotal tracheal resection,1 end-to-end resection-anastomosis still remains the technique of choice. However, such a procedure is limited by the extent of resection; it cannot be performed on conditions necessitating resections greater than 50% because there is a high risk of early tracheal dehiscence. This occurrence is a serious complication, linked to a high risk of death. The development of such a complication is multifactorial: Risk is associated with the length of the resection, the tension to which the suture is subjected after such a resection, and the extended lateral devascularization of the trachea. Previous treatments (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) also significantly increase risk.
Skin and dermal grafts were tried in the past but with unsatisfactory results in terms of tracheal substitution.3 Yet, the addition of omentoplasty in conjunction with myoplasty allowed the graft to neovascularize quickly, keeping it viable, while the use of the esophagus as a back wall facilitated reconstruction of the trachea, reducing the size of the graft.
We believe that the key to success of this procedure was multifactorial: the omentum and the myoplasty used for vascularizing the graft; the "quiescence" of the graft as a result of the prolonged intubation, which facilitated cicatrization; the use of viable muscular wall of the esophagus as the integral part of the new trachea; and, lastly, the use of the endoscopic prosthesis to counteract the inevitable cicatricial stenosis.
Even though one "successful" case is not enough to validate a technique, the use of the skin/omentoplasty/myoplasty graft could prove beneficial in a dramatic situation like the one described here.
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  Q. Tan, R. Steiner, S. P. Hoerstrup, and W. Weder Tissue-engineered trachea: History, problems and the future Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., November 1, 2006; 30(5): 782 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Galetta and L. Spaggiari Tracheal Reconstruction for a Long Tracheal Resection Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 2006; 82(5): 1953 - 1953. [Full Text] [PDF]
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