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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:1691-1697
© 2005 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

Surgery for Acquired Cardiovascular Disease

Preoperative cerebral ischemic lesions predict physical health status after on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

Lars Mathisen, RN, MS a , b , * , Marit Helen Andersen, RN, MSN c , Per Kristian Hol, MD d , Bjørn Tennøe, MD e , Christian Lund, MD f , David Russell, MD, PhD, FRCPE f , Runar Lundblad, MD, PhD b , Steinar Halvorsen, MD d , Astrid Klopstad Wahl, RN, PhD g , Berit Rokne Hanestad, RN, PhD h , Erik Fosse, MD, PhD d

a University of Oslo, Faculty Division Rikshospitalet/The Interventional Centre,
b Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,
c Department of Surgery,
d Interventional Centre,
e Department of Radiology,
f Department of Neurology, The University Hospital Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Trust, Oslo, Norway
g Oslo University College of Nursing, Oslo, Norway
h Institute of Public Health/Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway

* Address for reprints: Lars Mathisen, RN, MS, University of Oslo, Faculty Division Rikshospitalet, The Interventional Centre, or the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University Hospital Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Trust, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0027 Oslo, Norway (Email: lars.mathisen{at}medisin.uio.no).


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 
BACKGROUND: Risk assessment is integral to patient selection and counseling before coronary artery revascularization. We studied the predictive ability of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of preoperative and postoperative cerebral ischemic injury on self-reported physical and mental health at 3 months after coronary artery bypass surgery with or without use of cardiopulmonary bypass.

METHODS: In a prospective clinical trial comparing on-pump and off-pump surgery, 120 patients responded to a questionnaire for self-report of angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society scale) and physical and mental health status (Short Form 36) at baseline before preoperative cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Preoperative sets of both magnetic resonance imaging and self-assessments were available for 103 (85.8%) patients. These patients were grouped according to classification of preoperative cerebral magnetic resonance imaging findings. Analysis of covariance determined the association of (1) preoperative magnetic resonance imaging status, (2) new postoperative cerebral lesions, and (3) actual use of cardiopulmonary bypass to physical and mental health.

RESULTS: At 3 months after surgical intervention, 98 of 103 patients completed follow-up. The analysis revealed an interaction effect of preoperative cerebral ischemic injury and use of cardiopulmonary bypass on physical health (F = 9.07, P = .003) independent of age. No independent effects on health status were found of baseline magnetic resonance imaging or new cerebral lesions at 3 months.

CONCLUSIONS: This study strongly suggests that the combination of preoperative cerebral ischemic injury and use of cardiopulmonary bypass can predict postoperative health status at 3 months. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging might be a more specific indicator than age for preoperative assessment of vulnerability or resilience during rehabilitation after on-pump cardiac surgery.

Keywords 19;23;25;28

Abbreviations and Acronyms CI = confidence interval; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; SF-36 = 36-item Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 
Patient-reported outcomes, the subjective and multidimensional assessments of the effect of disease and its treatment, 1 Go remain essential to understand and compare the processes and outcomes of health care. The association between self-reported health status and the neurologic effect of cardiac surgery is not fully understood, possibly because prior research in this field has focused on the relationship between subjective and objective measures of health 2-4 Go rather than correlation to their common causal indicators, such as signs of cerebral injury visualized by means of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Subclinical cerebrovascular disease is prevalent in the adult population and even more so in the patient population with coronary arteriosclerosis. Epidemiologic research reports 15.3% overall prevalence of infarct-like lesions on cerebral MRI in the 55- to 72-year age group, 10 times the prevalence of stroke. 5 Go In the population older than 65 years, frail health has been shown to correlate with infarct-like lesions, as well as cardiovascular disease. 6 Go A study of 15 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass revealed that 14 had preoperative MRI abnormalities, with 4 patients showing new cerebral lesions after the operation. 7 Go Others have reported from 21% to 45% presence of acute postoperative cerebral lesions on MRI without overt clinical signs of neurologic deficit. 8-10 Go However, patient-reported outcomes have, to our knowledge, not been published in relation to MRI findings in this patient population. For the present study, we planned a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial of 120 patients undergoing off-pump versus conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Previously reported conclusions from this trial include similar perioperative outcomes and 3-month graft patency rates and higher counts of intraoperative cerebral emboli in on-pump patients. 11,12 Go

Given the prevalence of subclinical cerebrovascular disease and theory suggesting a causal pathway from clinical variables to self-reported health status, 13 Go the purpose of the present study was to assess the predictive ability of preoperative and postoperative cerebral MRI findings on physical and mental health reported by patients at 3 months after bypass surgery. We hypothesized a priori that evidence of cerebral ischemic injury would identify patients at higher risk and that new postoperative cerebral lesions or the use of intraoperative cardiopulmonary bypass would modify outcomes.


   Patients and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 
Sample
Data stem from a clinical trial in which 120 patients aged between 40 and 80 years with stable angina pectoris were randomized to elective on- or off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Exclusion criteria were a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 30%, a serum creatinine level of greater than 200 mmol/L, and lack of ability to read, write, or communicate verbally in Norwegian. In the present study the analysis was based on available patients completing the combination of cerebral MRI and self-reported health status assessments before surgical intervention and at 3 months postoperatively.

Procedure
The study protocol was approved by the regional ethics committee. After providing written and informed consent, the patients responded to a health status questionnaire administered by one of the authors. The procedure for all self-assessments was standardized and scheduled before further diagnostics (including clinical neurologic and cerebral MRI examination), before the operation, and at 3 months after the operation.

The diagnostic and surgical procedures, including management of anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass, have earlier been described in detail. 11,12 Go Briefly summarized, all operations were performed after achievement of balanced opiate, barbiturate, and inhalation anesthesia. The internal thoracic artery was used for revascularization of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and saphenous vein grafts were used for all other vessels. The distal anastomoses were performed first, and the proximal anastomoses were performed successively thereafter with a partial aortic clamp. On-table graft angiography was performed, followed by graft revision if questionable quality of the anastomosis or the graft was revealed.

In the on-pump group the bypass circuit was tip-to-tip heparin coated with the Duraflo II heparin surface (Bentley/Baxter, Uden, the Netherlands), and activated coagulation time was maintained at greater than 480 seconds. All operations were performed with moderate general hypothermia (28°C-32°C) and cold St Thomas antegrade cardioplegic solution. Bypass management included membrane oxygenators, arterial line filters, use of a roller pump and cardiotomy suction, nonpulsatile flow of 2.4 L/min per square meter, and a target mean arterial pressure of greater than 50 mm Hg.

In the beating-heart patients heparin (1 mg/kg) was administered during takedown of the internal thoracic artery, and activated coagulation time was maintained at greater than 250 seconds. The distal anastomoses were performed with the use of snares (Gore Tex 3-0; W.L.Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Ariz) and stabilizers (Octopus I and II, Medtronics, Minneapolis, Minn) combined with deep pericardial retraction sutures and, as needed, an apical suction device (Starfish; Medtronics, Minneapolis, Minn). A carbon dioxide blower (Ethicon Cardiovations, Summerville, NJ) was used to obtain a bloodless anastomosis field.

Variables
Physical and mental health
The 36-item Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) reflects health status during the past 4 weeks. 14 Go Two summary scores, physical and mental health, are calculated from 8 subscales ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health. 15 Go After standardization and linear transformation, the summary scores compare with a population reference mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, so that each point on the scale represents one tenth of a standard deviation. SF-36 subscales loading most heavily on the mental component include vitality, emotional role functioning, social functioning, and mental health. The physical component represents physical functioning, physical role functioning, bodily pain, and general health.

MRI
Cerebral MRI was performed with a 1.5-T scanner with axial proton-density and T2-weighted turbospin-echocardiography with 5-mm slice thickness and 1.5-mm slice intergap. The repetition time was 2200 ms, and the echocardiographic time was 14 ms for proton and 85 ms for T2. The images were evaluated by an experienced neuroradiologist blinded to the patients' clinical status and use of cardiopulmonary bypass. The presence of preoperative cerebral ischemic lesions was scored as absent, borderline (<5 mm), or pathologic (≥5 mm). At 3 months' follow-up MRI, new lesions were defined as one or more new cerebral lesions larger than 2 mm that were not present at the preoperative examination.

Intraoperative and immediate postoperative events
Patients converted from off-pump surgery to use of cardiopulmonary bypass, either because of hemodynamic instability or for technical reasons, were identified by using a dichotomous variable. Manual anesthesia records were reviewed to determine preanesthetic and intraoperative systolic blood pressure, use of inotropes beyond routine administration, intraoperative events, and, if applicable, mean arterial pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass. Intensive care flowcharts were reviewed to identify the use of intra-aortic balloon pumping or incidents of mean arterial blood pressure of less than 60 mm Hg on the day of the operation.

Postoperative course
Dichotomous variables were entered for atrial fibrillation, pulmonary complications, and leg or chest wound infection, with data collected from physician notes at the planned in-patient follow-up. Patients' comments on questionnaires and field notes during interviews were screened for any persisting problems not covered in the self-assessment questionnaire, where pain, sleep quality, and sexual difficulties were queried. The number of significant life events since the operation was assessed by 8 items representing stressors, such as the loss of a spouse.

Angina
The Canadian Cardiovascular Society scale 16 Go was used for self-report. Scores at 3 months were dichotomized by comparison with baseline level to determine improvement versus no improvement or worsening of angina.

Statistical Analysis
The SF-36 scoring manuals directed handling of missing items and subscale and summary score calculations. 15,17 Go The Norwegian National Health Survey of 2002 (n = 6723) provided population reference values for norm-based scoring weighted for age and sex to match the sample.

Patient-reported outcomes on the basis of randomization to the on- or off-pump procedure (intention-to-treat analysis) have previously been reported. 18 Go For purposes of the present study, use of cardiopulmonary bypass was defined as actual use regardless of randomization; a patient crossing over from off- to on-pump surgery was classified in the on-pump group, and the influence of conversion was examined during analysis.

After visual inspection of health status box plots, patients with borderline and pathologic MRI findings were clustered, leaving patients with normal MRI results at baseline to constitute a group expected to prove resilient to the burden of surgical intervention. The a priori hypotheses were tested in covariance models, where we included sex and improvement of angina as factors and baseline health status as a linear covariate, with additional postoperative factors if the P value of bivariate correlation to 3 months' health status was less than .05. As we expected the correlation of age and health status to increase after successful surgical intervention, approaching characteristics of a normal population, the final covariance models were challenged by adding age as a predictor variable. The level of statistical significance was set at an {alpha} value of .05. Data were handled with SPSS v.12.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 
Among 120 patients recruited to the clinical trial, 102 patients completed cerebral MRI, as well as the self-report of physical and mental health before the operation. We also included one patient who had normal MRI results at follow-up and for whom we assumed normal MRI results at baseline, for a total of 103 patients analyzed (Table 1). Reasons for exclusion of 17 patients from analysis were as follows. Two patients withdrew from the study for personal reasons. Two patients died in the early postoperative period (one after a stroke and the other suddenly on postoperative day 11). Cerebral MRI results were not obtained at baseline or follow-up from 11 patients, either for practical reasons or because of claustrophobia. The questionnaires from 2 patients were incomplete for summary score calculations. Apart from mean duration of education, the groups included versus excluded from analysis were comparable. We found a strong linear relationship between age and the existence of cerebral lesions at baseline (Spearman rho = 0.568, P < .000). However, the correlation of age or MRI findings to baseline physical or mental health was not significant (P = .399 for age and physical health, P = .446 for age and mental health; P = .241 for MRI class and physical health, P = .623 for MRI class and mental health).


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  		TABLE 1. Baseline and intraoperative characteristics of the patient population
 
At 3 months after the operation, preoperative and postoperative health status demonstrated improvement across groups defined by MRI status (Table 2), which is similar to overall effects that have previously been reported. 18 Go In the present sample improvement of angina was experienced by 77 (74.8%) of the respondents and was significantly related to physical health at 3 months (t = 2.38, P = .019) but not to mental health (t = 0.60, P = .548). Of 12 (11.7%) patients demonstrating new cerebral lesions, only 1 had a normal MRI result at baseline. One patient had experienced a stroke, confirmed by means of cerebral MRI, but achieved complete neurologic recovery within 3 months. There were 6 patients with sternal wound infection and 7 with leg incision infection. The median number of significant life events was 0, ranging from 0 to 3. Chest wound infection (t = 3.12, P = .002) and 2 or more stressful life events (t = 2.12, P = .037) correlated significantly to physical health at 3 months but not to mental health.


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  		TABLE 2. Baseline and 3-month physical and mental health summary scores on the basis of cerebral MRI classification
 
Physical Health
Baseline cerebral MRI status (F = 1.265, P = .264) or new postoperative cerebral lesions (F = 3.230, P = .076) did not demonstrate independent predictive ability on physical health in models that included baseline physical health, sex, improved angina, and chest wound infection. However, the interaction effect of baseline MRI status and use of intraoperative cardiopulmonary bypass on physical health was significant (Table 3), implying that the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass was conditional on baseline MRI status. This interaction effect is shown in Figure 1, using physical health change scores from baseline. The finding remained statistically significant when including age or education as a covariate, and the model also remained stable when controlling for the effect of crossing over from off-pump to on-pump surgery. Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and management of hemodynamics was comparable within the on-pump group (Table 4). The estimated marginal means of physical health total scores, adjusting for baseline variation, were 45.6 points (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.1-51.0) for normal baseline MRI results versus 37.4 points (95% CI, 33.3-41.4) for borderline or pathologic baseline MRI results for on-pump patients. For off-pump patients, the corresponding estimates were 36.5 points (95% CI, 30.7-42.3) versus 39.4 points (95% CI, 35.0-43.8).


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  		TABLE 3. Predictors of physical health at 3 months after surgical intervention
 

Figure 1
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  		Figure 1. Physical health at 3 months after surgical intervention: change scores from baseline. Change scores are calculated by subtracting preoperative scores from 3-month total scores. Boxes represent interquartile ranges, and horizontal bands indicate median values. MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging.

 

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  		TABLE 4. Cardiopulmonary bypass group only, intraoperative and postoperative variables
 
Mental Health
Baseline cerebral MRI status (F = 0.637, P = .427), new postoperative cerebral lesions (F = 1.237, P = .269), or an interaction effect of baseline MRI status and use of intraoperative cardiopulmonary bypass (F = 0.188, P = .666) was not predictive of mental health. These 3 models all included the following variables: baseline mental health status, sex, and improved angina.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Conclusions
 References
 
In this study preoperative MRI evidence of cerebral ischemic injury combined with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with physical health status at 3 months after coronary artery bypass surgery.

For on-pump procedures, no apparent explanation for differences in health status emerged from chart review of intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamics (Table 4). We controlled statistically for conversion from the off-pump to on-pump procedure, postdischarge adverse events, and life stressors. The final model was also stable when adding intraoperative arrhythmia, hypotension, or the use of inotropes.

Measuring physical and mental health status draws on everyday function as experienced by the patient and can be seen as a high level of integration of health domains, including individual coping mechanisms and environmental support. The SF-36 has demonstrated responsiveness in previous studies of cardiac surgery both to improvement 19 Go and decline. 20 Go In the present study the physical health component was most sensitive to the interaction phenomenon observed and to relief of angina, whereas our models explained less than 20% of variance in mental health. Newman and coworkers 21 Go did establish a significant multivariable relationship at 5 years after bypass surgery between cognitive function and physical health but not mental health. A study of aortic arch surgery demonstrated that midterm health status, as measured by the SF-36, was related to the duration of deep hypothermic cardiac arrest. Use of antegrade cerebral perfusion separated groups significantly over varying durations of cardiac arrest with regard to the SF-36 subscales of vitality, physical functioning, and social functioning. 22 Go Others have found age to be a strong predictor of early 23 Go and long-term 24 Go postoperative neurocognitive impairment. In the present study age was strongly correlated with preoperative MRI status. However, the analysis indicated separate contributions of age and preoperative MRI findings on change in physical health, with the strongest contribution coming from MRI status.

It is difficult to explain the mechanisms connecting preoperative evidence of cerebrovascular disease to patient-reported outcomes. We did not find similar results in the group without cardiopulmonary bypass, in which manipulation of the heart during off-pump surgery has the potential to cause episodes of hemodynamic instability and critical cerebral hypoperfusion without hypothermic protection. 25 Go Previous randomized trials of on-pump versus off-pump bypass surgery have failed to demonstrate significant independent effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on patient-reported health status. 26-28 Go In the present study no independent statistical effect was observed of new postoperative lesions on self-reported health. This might indicate that the state of the brain before surgical intervention is of greater importance. A possible explanation is the fact that gaseous and solid microemboli enter the brain during cardiac surgery, with a higher number of emboli during on-pump than off-pump surgery. 12,29 Go Assuming that patients with preoperative cerebral injury have less tolerance for gaseous or solid emboli, diffuse intraoperative cerebral injury would be more extensive among on-pump patients who are exposed to a greater number of emboli. Diffuse cerebral injury after on-pump surgery might disturb the integrity and speed of neural networks, influencing perception, performance, and the experience of rehabilitation without presenting as neurologic symptoms.

As for any secondary analysis, caution must be exercised in the interpretation of results. This study included patients with a low risk profile from a surgical point of view. Although the number of patients with normal preoperative cerebral MRI was relatively low, change in physical health from baseline was well concentrated in the on-pump group at 3 months (Figure 1). Patients without preoperative angina were evenly distributed regarding the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, as well as baseline MRI status. This reduced the possibility of group bias caused by patients experiencing a relative decrease in health status during rehabilitation. 20 Go The amount of missing data at follow-up was low, justifying complete case analysis.


   Conclusions
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
References
 
This study strongly suggests that the combination of preoperative cerebral ischemic injury and use of cardiopulmonary bypass can predict postoperative health status at 3 months. Cerebral MRI might be a more specific indicator than age for preoperative assessment of vulnerability or resilience during rehabilitation after on-pump cardiac surgery.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank Torbjørn Moum, PhD, for statistical advice and Bjørn Erik Mørk, MSc, and Ellen Hovland for coordinating study patients. The patients generously shared their experiences and made this study possible. Anonymous data for the population reference norms used in this study are from the Health Status Survey 2002 provided by The Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD), with data collection and organization conducted by Statistics Norway. Neither Statistics Norway nor NSD are responsible for the analyses or interpretations put forth in this article.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by The Research Council of Norway (NFR2004-160347), The Norwegian Nurses' Association, The Norwegian Association of Heart and Lung Patients, and The Center for Patient Participation and Nursing Research at The University Hospital Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Trust.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 

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