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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:862-867
© 2006 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery
Surgery for Acquired Cardiovascular Disease |
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hiroshima-city Asa General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
Received for publication May 20, 2005; revisions received August 24, 2005; accepted for publication August 30, 2005. * Address for reprints: Naomichi Uchida, MD, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hiroshima-city Asa General Hospital, 2-1-1, Kabe-minami, Asa-Kita-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan, 731-0293 (Email: n-utida{at}asa-hosp.city.hiroshima.jp).
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Abstract |
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METHODS: The subjects were 35 consecutive patients who received arch replacement with open stent grafting for type A acute aortic dissection between December 1997 and April 2002. The mean follow-up period was 55 months (range, 30-83 months). Computed tomographic scanning was performed at 1, 3, 12, and 36 months postoperatively to detect thrombosis and obliteration of the false lumen after its exclusion by the stent graft. The diameter of the aorta was measured at 3 levels: the distal edge of the stent graft, the diaphragm, and the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
RESULTS: Two patients died in the initial operation, but no patients required additional surgical treatment of the thoracic aorta. The mean diameter of the stent grafts was 26.2 mm, and the mean length was 8.9 cm. Thrombus formation in the false lumen was recognized at the distal edge of the graft in all patients, at the diaphragmatic level in 26 patients, and at the superior mesenteric artery level in 15 patients. Obliteration of the false lumen was recognized at the distal edge of the graft in all patients, at the diaphragmatic level in 20 patients, and at the superior mesenteric artery level in 15 patients. The aorta distal to the stent graft showed minimal changes.
CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute type A aortic dissections, it is possible to perform extensive primary repair of the thoracic aorta with relative safety by using a synthetic graft with a self-expanding stent, and this method might reduce the necessity of further operations not only for the distal descending aorta but also for the thoracoabdominal aorta.
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Introduction |
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Acute type A aortic dissection frequently requires emergency surgical treatment. Conventional replacement is often limited to the region from the ascending aorta to the aortic arch,
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and therefore a false lumen sometimes remains distal to the descending thoracic aorta after surgical intervention that can significantly influence the early and late prognosis.
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We previously reported good early results after treating type A acute aortic dissection by means of extensive primary repair of the thoracic aorta by using the modified elephant trunk technique with a stent graft (so-called open stent graft placement).
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This article describes the midterm results of this procedure, particularly the fate of the false lumen, as shown by means of enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scanning. |
Methods |
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The size and length of the stent graft were determined by means of intraoperative measurement with a ball-shaped sizer inserted into the true lumen of the descending aorta through a transverse incision under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. The distal edge of the stent graft was positioned at the level of the main pulmonary trunk. The primary tear was distal to the left subclavian artery (DeBakey subtype III-D) in 6 patients, and the primary tears were covered by the stent graft.
Operative Method
A median sternotomy was performed after achievement of general anesthesia. An arterial perfusion cannula was inserted into the femoral artery, the right axillary artery, or both; venous drainage cannulas were inserted into the superior and inferior venae cavae from the right atrium; and total extracorporeal circulation was commenced. Hypothermic circulation was used to reduce the rectal temperature to 25°C. A left ventricular vent tube was inserted from the right superior pulmonary vein, and aspiration was performed. A crossclamp was applied to the peripheral part of the ascending aorta, a small incision was made in the right atrium, and retrograde cardioplegia was performed under direct vision. The ascending aorta was dissected transversely at the proximal end. Gelatin-resorcin-formol glue (Cardial, Tecnopole) was injected into the false lumen on the proximal side of the ascending aorta, and then the false lumen was dosed. When it was confirmed that the rectal temperature had decreased to 25°C, total circulatory arrest was achieved. The clamp was removed, and the aortic arch was incised longitudinally until immediately before the origin of the left subclavian artery. At the end point, the aortic arch was dissected transversely. Three balloon catheters were inserted into the brachiocephalic artery, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery for perfusion at a rate of 300, 200, and 100 mL/min, respectively, to maintain perfusion of the brain. A ball-shaped sizer was inserted into the true lumen of the descending thoracic aorta from the transverse incision of the aortic arch, and then the exact diameter of the true lumen was measured. A synthetic graft 7 to 12 cm long, which was previously attached by means of a self-expandable Z-shaped stent (William Cook Europe A/S) with the tip 5 cm on the distal side, was selected with a diameter 1 to 3 mm larger than that measured. Then the distally stented graft was placed in a 30F introducer, which was inserted into the descending aorta according to the method reported by Kato and colleagues.
4
The graft was fixed in the true lumen of the descending aorta by means of expansion of the Z-shaped stent and aortic blood pressure. The graft was pulled to the transverse dissection line in the distal aortic arch and trimmed to match the dissection line. The left subclavian artery was dissected transversely at the proximal end, and the proximal stump was closed with 4-0 polypropylene sutures. The adventitia of the aortic stump was covered with a felt strip 2 cm wide, and the stump was reinforced with continuous 4-0 polypropylene sutures. A synthetic graft with 4 branches was anastomosed end to end to the stump of the distal aortic arch with continuous 3-0 polypropylene sutures. Then the third branch was anastomosed to the left subclavian artery. The proximal graft was crossclamped, antegrade systemic perfusion from the fourth branch was started, and the patient was rewarmed by means of extracorporeal circulation. Next, the proximal graft was anastomosed to the stump of the ascending aorta, and coronary perfusion was started. The left common carotid artery and the brachiocephalic artery were anastomosed to respective branches of the graft in succession. This completed the procedure (Figure 1, A). The mean duration of extracorporeal circulation with selective cerebral perfusion, mean total extracorporeal circulation time, and mean operating time were 82 ± 20, 175 ± 41, and 338 ± 86 minutes, respectively (Table 1).
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Results |
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Diameter at the SMA Level
All 16 patients with thrombosis in the false lumen showed luminal obliteration by 1 year after the operation, whereas the abdominal aorta was unchanged in the 15 patients with a residual false lumen. In those with a residual false lumen at the SMA level, the mean enlargement of the whole aorta at this level was only 0.375 mm (range, 0-2 mm) from 1 to 36 months after the operation.
Diameter at the Diaphragmatic Level
In patients with or without obliteration of the false lumen at the diaphragmatic level, the mean enlargement of the whole aorta at this level from 1 to 36 months after the operation was only 0.5 mm (range, 0-2 mm).
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Discussion |
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This lumen can significantly affect the early and late prognosis after surgical intervention. In the early postoperative period several of the patients treated for acute type A aortic dissection experience intestinal necrosis caused by poor perfusion of intra-abdominal branches of the aorta, and such malperfusion often occurs because the distal false lumen has remained patent. Moreover, reoperation is often required for dilatation of a false lumen in the distal descending aorta during the late postoperative period. Because of anastomotic leakage or a small tear remaining in the proximal descending thoracic aorta after graft replacement of the ascending aorta or aortic arch, the false lumen is susceptible to dilation because of shear stress acting on the proximal descending thoracic aorta. Akutsu and associates
8
have demonstrated that patency of the false lumen is a strong independent prognostic factor of dissection-related death and dissection-related events. Therefore there have been recent reports about total replacement of the aortic arch at the first operation in such patients, even if the primary intimal tear is located in the ascending aorta. Kazui and coworkers
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reported that repair of the descending thoracic aorta up to the midportion with a synthetic graft by using the elephant trunk technique at the initial operation could prevent subsequent dilation of the most susceptible parts of the residual false lumen. However, the diameter of a graft inserted by using the elephant trunk procedure is likely to be smaller than that of a distally stented graft. Use of a distally anchored stent graft allows insertion of a larger diameter and longer prosthesis than the elephant trunk method.
10
When grafting is done with the elephant trunk procedure, the graft inserted is often smaller than that required in relation to the diameter of the true lumen, and therefore the elephant trunk method cannot completely prevent dilation of the residual false lumen. We determine the most appropriate size of the stent graft by measuring the diameter of the true lumen with a ball-shaped sizer during systemic circulatory arrest under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance.
3
We often detect a small intimal tear using transesophageal echocardiography,
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insert the stent graft into the descending thoracic aorta at the level of the pulmonary artery trunk, and close the small tear with the inserted stent graft. The aim of this stent grafting technique is to exclude all antegrade blood flow in the false lumen of the thoracic aorta, therefore decreasing pressure and allowing thrombosis of the false channel to restore blood flow in the aorta and its side branches. In vitro models of dissection have shown that primary entry tear coverage is the optimal method to relieve true lumen collapse and false lumen thrombosis.
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Kato and colleagues
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reported that reoperation to treat the residual dissected aorta was only needed in 1 patient (1/17 [5.9%]) after total arch grafting with open stent graft placement for acute type A aortic dissection. In the present series we had no patients who required additional surgical intervention of the thoracic aorta after this procedure. These results suggest that using a stent graft of the appropriate size and length, as determined by means of intraoperative measurement with a ball-shaped sizer inserted into the true lumen of the descending aorta from the transverse incision under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance, leads to a good outcome of open stent graft placement.
New Intimal Tears
Dilation of the true lumen of the descending thoracic aorta along with dilation of the false lumen during echocardiography-guided insertion of a self-expanding stent graft poses the risk of creating a new intimal tear. There have also been reports of new intimal tears in the late postoperative period after stent grafting.
4,13,14
However, such new intimal tears almost correspond to chronic dissection. We have also reported a patient who required an additional operation 11 months after the first procedure because of ulceration caused by the stent graft.
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In patients with "chronic" dissection, the thrombosed false lumen persists in the early postoperative period. In addition, the true lumen is dilated at the central portion of the graft, which might increase turbulent flow through interaction with the stent. Such turbulence might damage the intima of the true lumen and lead to ulceration over the medium term postoperatively. However, this report is concerned with open stent grafting for "acute" dissection, and therefore the graft size determined by measuring the diameter of the true lumen during systemic circulatory arrest is the most appropriate, and moreover the intima of the true lumen suffers less stress in acute dissection than in chronic dissection. In our patients with acute dissection, the false lumen showed early thrombosis and early obliteration. This demonstrates that early stent grafting for acute dissection can maintain a normal diameter and blood flow through the true lumen and can completely exclude the false lumen. In addition, the true lumen is not dilated at the site of stenting, and therefore the stent will create less turbulence.
4,15
Residual False Lumen of the Thoracoabdominal Aorta
A residual false lumen of the thoracoabdominal aorta exists after an open stent grafting operation. However, when there was a residual false lumen or no obliteration of the false lumen below the diaphragm, the mean enlargement of the entire subdiaphragmatic aorta from 1 to 36 months postoperatively was only 0.5 mm (range, 0-2 mm) and only 0.375 mm (range, 0-2 mm) at the level of the SMA. Enlargement of the residual false lumen in the thoracoabdominal aorta is not recognized after complete closure of the primary tear once the false lumen in the descending thoracic aorta disappears after open stent grafting. All patients with a residual false lumen in the thoracoabdominal aorta have an intimal tear (so-called re-entry), and the blood flow through this tear supplies one or more of the main abdominal branches, such as the SMA, renal arteries, and celiac artery. Therefore the diameter of the false lumen in the thoracoabdominal aorta shows minimal changes after the operation because the false lumen is acting as a vessel that provides blood to the abdominal organs.
Risk of Paraplegia
The risk of paraplegia caused by sacrificing the spinal arteries must be considered when a long synthetic vascular graft is inserted into the descending thoracic aorta. In our experience the mean length of the stent graft was 8.9 cm (range, 7-12 cm), and therefore the graft was inserted as far as the Th9 level. Perfusion of all 3 branches of the aortic arch with a single balloon cannula and perfusion of the descending thoracic aorta with 2-way balloon cannulas under hypothermic conditions (25°C) prevented spinal cord ischemia during open distal anastomosis with selective cerebral perfusion.
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Conclusions |
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| See related editorial on page 777.
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References |
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