| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;136:641-649
© 2008 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery
Surgery for Acquired Cardiovascular Disease |
a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cardiovascular Center, Aichi, Japan
b Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
Received for publication October 17, 2007; revisions received December 21, 2007; accepted for publication February 19, 2008. * Address for reprints: Hitoshi Ogino, MD, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan. (Email: hogino{at}hsp.ncvc.go.jp).
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
Methods: All surgeries were performed through a median sternotomy. Direct cannulation of the right axillary artery in the axilla was used for cardiopulmonary bypass and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion under hypothermia. In addition, ascending aortic or femoral artery perfusion was used. The clinical records of 531 patients (median age, 72 years) between 1999 and 2006 were reviewed, of whom 137 patients (25.8%) underwent emergency surgery. There were 164 dissecting and 367 nondissecting aortic lesions. The surgeries included total arch replacement in 431 patients, partial arch replacement in 9 patients, and hemiarch replacement in 91 patients.
Results: The early mortality rate was 4.0% (2.3% of 30-day mortality and 1.7% of in-hospital mortality). The incidence of permanent neurologic dysfunction was 2.9% in all (3.3% in total arch replacement and 1.0% in hemiarch or partial arch replacement). The incidence of temporary dysfunction was 9.9% in all (10.6% in total arch replacement and 7.0% in hemiarch or partial arch replacement). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for early mortality were chronic renal failure, ruptured nondissecting aneurysm, and prolonged surgery. The midterm survival was 87.2% ± 1.7% at 3 years and 80.5% ± 2.6% at 5 years.
Conclusion: Right axillary artery perfusion is an advantageous adjunct to cardiopulmonary bypass and antegrade selective cerebral perfusion in arch surgery.
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
In particular, postoperative cerebral morbidities remain prevalent despite recent great advances in intraoperative brain protection.1-5 We have routinely used antegrade selective cerebral perfusion (SCP) under right axillary artery (RAxA) perfusion in conjunction with deep or moderate hypothermia.6 The aim of this retrospective study is to determine the early and midterm outcome of arch surgery using integrated SCP with RAxA perfusion and to analyze relevant risk factors for early mortality and cerebral morbidity. |
Patients and Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
|
The RAxA was exposed quickly through a 5 to 7-cm skin incision in the axilla (Figure 1). After full heparinization, a 10F to 16F straight thin-walled cannula (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn) was inserted into the RAxA, depending on the artery size. Empirically, even a 12F cannula allowed a flow of up to 1.5 L/min. In addition, the ascending aorta or femoral artery was cannulated for a total CPB flow of 1 to 2 L/min through the RAxA and 2.5 to 3.5 L/min via the ascending aorta or femoral artery. In the early series, femoral perfusion was routinely chosen. However, from 2003 to 2006, ascending aortic perfusion was predominantly used, although femoral perfusion was still an alternative for patients with a severely atherosclerotic ascending aorta. With severely atheromatous changes in the descending aorta, femoral perfusion was used to flush out debris that dislodged during the distal anastomosis. Bicaval venous drainage with left ventricular venting was performed. For patients with acute dissection, with standard femoral cannulation, RAxA perfusion was used to avoid the collapse of the true channel caused by retrograde femoral perfusion. In 4 patients whose left subclavian or innominate artery was occluded, left axillary perfusion was also used. In addition to RAxA perfusion, the ascending aorta was used in 141 patients, the ascending aorta and femoral artery were used in 57 patients, and the femoral artery was used in 333 patients. Immediately after the induction of hypothermic circulatory arrest by discontinuation of the ascending or femoral perfusion, SCP with the constant flow through RAxA perfusion was easily commenced by clamping the innominate artery. The left common carotid and left subclavian arteries were also clamped. By means of this simple maneuver, sufficient perfusion of the right hemisphere with partial circulation of the left hemisphere through collateral vessels was quickly established. The ascending aorta was usually clamped, and cardioplegic solution was antegradely or retrogradely infused to attain cardiac arrest. An invaginated tube graft of 7 to 12 cm in length, composed of the multibranched Dacron graft, was inserted into the descending aorta. The proximal end was anastomosed to the descending aorta. The distal end of the inserted graft was then extracted proximally. The multibranched arch graft was connected to this interposed graft. Systemic circulation was resumed using a branch graft. The left subclavian artery was reconstructed, and the patient was rewarmed to 30°C to 32°C with an SCP flow of 1 to 1.5 L/min and a branch graft flow of 3 to 4 L/min. Then, the proximal aortic anastomosis above the sinotubular junction was made. Coronary circulation was initiated by unclamping. The other arch vessels were reconstructed, and the patient was fully rewarmed with a slightly higher total flow of 4 to 6 L/min. In patients with a risk of cerebral morbidity because of carotid or intracranial artery lesions, arch-vessel reconstruction was preferentially performed before the proximal aortic anastomosis. For 26 patients with extensive aneurysm involving the arch, 2-stage surgery was performed with stage I total arch replacement with an elephant trunk procedure. It was followed by stage II descending aortic replacement in 12 patients and by endoluminal stent grafting in 6 older patients with respiratory dysfunction.
|
|
Definition of Neurologic Deficits and Other Variables
Permanent neurologic dysfunction was defined as the presence of permanent deficits persisting at discharge. Transient dysfunction was defined as the occurrence of confusion, agitation, obtundation, or delay of full awakening. It was difficult to distinguish between transient neurologic dysfunction and frequently occurring delirium in the elderly. When delirium was severe, it was also included in transient neurologic dysfunction. Cerebrovascular event included old cerebral infarction (including asymptomatic one) in 116 patients and cerebral hemorrhage in 4 patients. Carotid artery disease was defined as the presence of more than 50% stenosis or multiple plaques on ultrasound examination. Intracranial artery disease was defined as more than 75% stenosis of intracranial vessels on magnetic resonance angiography or as hypoperfusion on Diamox loading cerebral flow scintigraphy. Chronic renal failure was defined as a serum creatinine level of more than 1.5 mg/dL or the requirement of hemodialysis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 second less than 70% of the normal value. Reoperation was defined as re-sternotomy surgery after cardiac or aortic root to arch surgery. The patients who had previously undergone proximal descending replacement through left thoracotomy were also included among the reoperation cases, because it was sometimes troublesome to make the distal anastomosis to the prosthetic graft of the previous proximal descending aortic replacement.
Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
All of the surgeries were identified from the Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery in the National Cardiovascular Center. The data in the registry were approved for use by the institutional ethical committee. The follow-up rate was 99.6% (529/531), because 2 patients who underwent total arch replacement were lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up period was 2.7 ± 1.8 years. We retrospectively reviewed the overall outcome and investigated the risk factors for early mortality, including 30-day and in-hospital mortality, and permanent neurologic dysfunction. Statistical analysis was carried out using StatView 5.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) software. Values were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or medians (range). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate risk factors for early mortality and permanent neurologic dysfunction. According to clinical importance and the result of univariate analysis, advanced age, ruptured nondissecting aneurysm, coronary artery disease, chronic renal failure, diabetic mellitus, concomitant surgery, prolonged surgery, and deep hypothermia (20°C–22°C) were involved in the following multivariate analysis for early mortality. For permanent neurologic dysfunction, multivariate analysis was not performed because of a low event rate and strong association of atheromatous ascending aorta and arch. Kaplan–Meier estimate was used to calculate the survival.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
|
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
To improve the outcome, we established the current SCP technique in 1999, which is physiologic and has a longer cerebral safety margin. This allows unhurried and secure arch surgery compared with the earlier retrograde cerebral perfusion.6-8 Subsequently, the outcome was satisfactory with a low early mortality of 4.0% and low incidence of permanent or temporary neurologic dysfunction of 2.9% or 9.9%, even though high-risk emergency surgeries were involved.
However, during SCP, the risk of cerebral embolism associated with arch-vessel cannulation remains and may even increase the incidence of stroke.4,5 In arch surgery, other embolic phenomena may occur as the result of 1) cannulation or clamping of the diseased aorta and arteries, 2) a high-velocity jet caused by CPB via the ascending aorta across the aneurysm, 3) retrograde femoral perfusion through the diseased aorta, 4) external manipulation of the aorta and arch vessels, or 5) dislodgement of atheroma or clot inside the aorta.9 To overcome these problems, we used an alternative perfusion pathway using the distal segment of RAxA for both CPB and SCP.6-8 This part of the RAxA, which has less atherosclerosis or extension of aortic dissection, can easily be exposed and cannulated. In regard to AxA perfusion, there have been numerous reports on its routine or alternative use for CPB in cardiac surgery or for CPB and SCP in aortic surgery.9-20 These reports also advocated some advantages: less likelihood of stroke from embolic material, less likelihood of malperfusion with aortic dissection, less disruption of atheroma or calcified plaques, and the ability of administration of SCP.20 However, the cannulation site and techniques differ from ours, and the number of patients evaluated was smaller. In all, a proximal segment of the AxA below the clavicle (infraclavicular segment) is used, where larger-sized cannulae of 20F to 26F in size are accepted. However, the exposure was more time-consuming.9,11,13-15,18,20 For an emergency operation, our technique is more advantageous. For example, in acute dissection, 3 surgeons can start 3 different procedures without any interruptions, namely, RAxA exposure in the axilla, median sternotomy, and femoral artery exposure. In some, aortic dissection may extend down to the infraclavicular AxA,20 although it is rarely encountered on the distal segment. Furthermore, there is a potential risk of the right common carotid artery occlusion by an overly deep cannula insertion.13 In regard to the AxA perfusion technique, some authors performed direct cannulation of a straight9,11,14,15,18,20 or right-angle cannula13 for easy and quick CPB establishment, whereas others preferred a side-graft anastomotic technique to obtain sufficient CPB flow.10,12,14-16,20 For small patients, the side-graft technique is more advantageous, and it has been widely used because of less neurovascular complications.9,10,14,16 However, the side-graft procedure is more time-consuming and technically demanding. Bleeding from the anastomosis during the perfusion can become a nuisance. We therefore prefer simple and easy direct cannulation into the distal RAxA. It is the shortcomings of our technique that the distal RAxA is too small to accept larger-size cannulae. Therefore, additional (double) cannulation via the femoral artery or the ascending aorta is necessary for CPB. In the early series, femoral perfusion was routinely used.6 In this combination, the downstream flow via the RAxA can compete with the retrograde femoral perfusion flow in the descending aorta, which may prevent the potential risk of cerebral emboli.9,10,20 In acute dissection, this RAxA perfusion can prevent the collapse of the true channel in the proximal site.17 On the other hand, retrograde femoral perfusion not only allows the flushing out of debris in the descending aorta but also serves to check for bleeding from the key distal anastomosis. Moreover, perfusion of the spinal cord and visceral organs is possible through balloon occlusion of the descending aorta.
In the later series, in the absence of atherosclerotic change, ascending aorta cannulation yielding antegrade systemic CPB flow became our first choice.7,8 The proximal to mid-ascending aorta, away from the aneurysm, is generally safe. This strategy allowed us to avoid some drawbacks of femoral perfusion, including proximal emboli or retrograde dissection. Even in addition to the ascending perfusion, we still use the RAxA perfusion, because the switch from CPB perfusion to SCP is easy with no discontinuity by clamping the innominate artery, although in the standard SCP there remains by necessity a short period of circulatory arrest during insertion of the cannulae. With our technique, cannulation-induced emboli of the innominate artery or its new dissection can be avoided. Malposition of the SCP catheter in the innominate artery is not a rare event.21 With the innominate artery cannulated, the presence of dissection or severe atherosclerotic changes would make the anastomosis more difficult. Under the reliable SCP with RAxA perfusion, we have therefore been able to increase the bladder and nasopharyngeal temperature to 28°C. If the ascending aorta is atherosclerotic, however, the femoral artery is still chosen for CPB. Femoral perfusion is added for patients presenting some difficulties with the distal anastomosis for severe atheromatous changes: to the combination of the RAxA and ascending perfusion, to perfuse the spinal cord and the visceral organs, or to flush out atheromatous debris.
In another setting, 5 patients required re-sternotomy surgery after the previous ascending aorta or arch surgery. There was a risk of aneurysmal rupture or graft injury at the re-sternotomy, even under femoro-femoral partial CPB, because the graft or enlarged aneurysm was attached to the sternum. We initiated CPB under RAxA and femoral perfusion and cooled them down. The sternum was reopened, immediately after the induction of deep hypothermia circulatory arrest, and brain protection was smoothly attained through SCP, which was easily established by just clamping the arch vessels under the RAxA perfusion.
The multivariate analysis demonstrated that chronic renal failure, ruptured nondissecting aneurysm, and prolonged surgery were the independent determinants for early mortality. All of these have been pointed out as risk factors. Svensson and colleagues20 and Kazui and colleagues22 also reported chronic renal failure as a risk factor for mortality. In general, patients with chronic renal failure tend to have severe atherosclerosis or calcification of the aorta and arteries.23 Some of these patients also have diabetic nephropathy. Sepsis or mediastinitis tends to develop in patients during postoperative hemodialysis. Surgery then involves a potentially higher risk. In regard to permanent neurologic dysfunction, arch-vessel malperfusion with acute dissection and rich atheroma in the ascending aorta and arch were significant independent predictors, associated with female gender and chronic renal failure. Statistically, a history of cerebrovascular event and carotid/intracranial artery disease were not risk factors. This finding was expected. The majority of permanent neurologic dysfunctions are considered to be caused by an embolism resulting from atheroma or clot,24 not cerebral hypoperfusion. Furthermore, in the cases with preoperative cerebral hypoperfusion caused by carotid or intracranial artery lesions, we modified our strategy to include a higher CPB perfusion pressure (>60 mm Hg), deeper hypothermia (20°C–22°C), and higher SCP flow rates by 20%. These refinements seemed to yield good outcomes empirically, avoiding critical cerebral hypoperfusion. On the other hand, adequate brain protection is still controversial for patients with severe atheromatous lesions in the arch and arch vessels. In our practice, 11 high-risk patients with an atheromatous aorta had permanent neurologic dysfunction, despite the SCP with RAxA perfusion aiming at avoiding stroke. SCP requiring arch-vessel cannulation may result in cerebral embolism.4,5 Our strategy based on RAxA perfusion allows us to avoid cannulation, at least, of the innominate artery, which sometimes exhibits atheromatous changes or dissection. The left common carotid artery is less atheromatous in most, making its cannulation safe. The left subclavian artery often presents the most severe atheromatous changes, and cannulation is sometimes dangerous. Its cannulation must be carefully performed, removing some atheromatous parts, or patients should be cooled down to less than 22°C leaving the left subclavian artery uncannulated. In any case, even under RAxA perfusion, it is difficult to completely avoid cerebral emboli, particularly for high-risk patients with rich atheroma in the ascending aorta and arch, including the arch vessels. It is speculated that under RAxA perfusion, its high-velocity jet streaming retrogradely into the innominate artery might cause dislodgement of atheroma in the minor curvature of the arch, resulting in distal embolism. With a single inflow site via the AxA for CPB, as described in the other reports,9-19 a higher-velocity jet is produced, which might adversely increase the risk of distal emboli. There is no way to completely avoid such cerebral emboli in patients with rich atheroma in the aorta, although its incidence would be reduced by our techniques. Our recommendation is to assess the ascending aorta and arch for atherosclerotic changes by epiaortic ultrasound imaging. In addition, arterial cannulation should be carefully performed with minimum manipulation of the aorta and arch vessels.
Cannulation into the distal RAxA was achieved in the overwhelming majority of patients (97.4%). However, during the same interval, attempted RAxA cannulation was abandoned in 14 patients (2.6%), who were excluded from this study. The cannulation was difficult because of the small size of the artery or the presence of stenosis. Thus, in these patients, the inflow site for CPB was shifted to the ascending aorta or femoral artery. For SCP, the innominate artery was also cannulated.4,5 In this subset, 1 patient (7.1%) with an arch rupture associated with acute dissection died of low cardiac output, and 2 patients (14.3%) had permanent neurologic dysfunction. There were some local complications related to the RAxA perfusion, such as vascular and nerve injuries in 5.6% of patients. Two patients also had left hand weakness. We think that some nerve injuries might be due to nerve compression caused by wide opening of the sternum for the distal anastomosis. At any rate, the incidence of complications was higher than in other reports describing the use of an infraclavicular AxA.9-20 The key to avoid these complications is gentle dissection and manipulation, while avoiding unnecessary traction of the brachial plexus. The RAxA is sometimes fragile and traumatized in younger patients and patients with aortic dissection or Marfan syndrome. For these patients, exposure and cannulation should be done carefully.
There are some limitations in this study. The logistic regression analyses were limited by the small number of events. This is a retrospective study in a single patient group who underwent aortic arch surgery with SCP through RAxA perfusion. To demonstrate the absolute (not theoretic) value of the RAxA perfusion, a multicenter prospective study is necessary.
|
Conclusions |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionPatients and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R. S. Bonser, A. M. Ranasinghe, M. Loubani, J. D. Evans, N. M. A. Thalji, J. E. Bachet, T. P. Carrel, M. Czerny, R. Di Bartolomeo, M. Grabenwoger, et al. Evidence, Lack of Evidence, Controversy, and Debate in the Provision and Performance of the Surgery of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 6, 2011; 58(24): 2455 - 2474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Oishi, H. Sonoda, Y. Tanoue, T. Nishida, S. Tokunaga, A. Nakashima, Y. Shiokawa, and R. Tominaga Advantages of the L-incision approach comprising a combination of left anterior thoracotomy and upper half-median sternotomy for aortic arch aneurysms Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg, September 1, 2011; 13(3): 280 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Fukui, T. Shimokawa, M. Tabata, and S. Takanashi Outcomes of total aortic arch replacement with coronary artery bypass grafting Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg, September 1, 2011; 13(3): 284 - 287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. LeMaire, M. D. Price, J. L. Parenti, M. L. Johnson, A. D. Lay, O. Preventza, J. Huh, and J. S. Coselli Early Outcomes After Aortic Arch Replacement by Using the Y-Graft Technique Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2011; 91(3): 700 - 708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Di Bartolomeo, E. Pilato, D. Pacini, C. Savini, and M. Di Eusanio Cerebral protection during surgery of the aortic arch MMCTS, January 1, 2011; 2011(0221): mmcts.2010.004457 - mmcts.2010.004457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Koullias and G. H. Wheatley III State-of-the-Art of Hybrid Procedures for the Aortic Arch: A Meta-Analysis Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2010; 90(2): 689 - 697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Minatoya, H. Ogino, H. Matsuda, H. Sasaki, H. Tanaka, J. Kobayashi, T. Yagihara, and S. Kitamura Is conventional aortic arch surgery justifiable in octogenarians? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., March 1, 2010; 139(3): 641 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Yamana, T. Ito, A. Maekawa, T. Yoshizumi, M. Sunada, and S. Hoshino Atherosclerotic Arch Aneurysm Operations With Perfusion Toward the Aortic Valve Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2010; 89(2): 435 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Ranasinghe and R. S. Bonser The brain, the spinal cord, selective antegrade cerebral perfusion and corporeal arrest temperature -- are we reducing the margin of patient safety in aortic arch surgery? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, December 1, 2009; 36(6): 943 - 945. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Morimoto, K. Okada, K. Uotani, F. Kanda, and Y. Okita Leukoaraiosis and Hippocampal Atrophy Predict Neurologic Outcome in Patients Who Undergo Total Aortic Arch Replacement Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2009; 88(2): 476 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Toda, K. Taniguchi, T. Masai, T. Takahashi, S. Kuki, Y. Sawa, and Osaka Cardiac Surgery Research (OSCAR) Group Arch Aneurysm Repair With Long Elephant Trunk: A 10-Year Experience in 111 Patients Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2009; 88(1): 16 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Salati Distal axillary artery cannulation can be useful to achieve arterial inflow in descending aortic surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., May 1, 2009; 137(5): 1297 - 1298. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| ANN THORAC SURG | ASIAN CARDIOVASC THORAC ANN | EUR J CARDIOTHORAC SURG |
| J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG | ICVTS | ALL CTSNet JOURNALS |
