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J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009;137:435-440
© 2009 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

General Thoracic Surgery

Complete resection of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumors has excellent long-term prognosis

Dominique Fabre, MD*, Elie Fadel, MD, Sunil Singhal, MD, Vincent de Montpreville, MD, Sacha Mussot, MD, Olaf Mercier, MD, Olivier Chataigner, MD, Philippe G. Dartevelle, MD

Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, Paris-Sud University, France

Received for publication February 6, 2008; revisions received April 13, 2008; accepted for publication July 4, 2008.

* Address for reprints: Dominique Fabre, MD, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Vasculaire et Transplantation Cardiopulmonaire, 133 avenue de la résistance, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson-France. (Email: d.fabre{at}ccml.fr).


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 
Objective: Pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor is an uncommon disease, often with a benign presentation. However, invasion of adjacent thoracic organs, local recurrence, and distant metastases have been described, and the best management strategy remains unclear. We present a single large institutional experience in patients with pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor and propose guidelines for treatment of this patient population.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed to review all patients who underwent resection for pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor between 1974 and 2007.

Results: A total of 25 patients were treated with pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor at the Marie Lannelongue Hospital. The mean age was 33 years. Two patients were referred after an incomplete resection. One patient presented with cerebral metastasis. We performed a complete resection in all patients: wedge resection (n = 7), lobectomy (n = 6), sleeve arterial lobectomy (n = 1), lobectomy with thoracic inlet exenteration (n = 2), bilobectomy (n = 2), pneumonectomy with brain metastasectomy (n = 1), sleeve pneumonectomy (n = 2), sleeve main bronchus or tracheal resection (n = 2), wedge with sleeve main pulmonary artery resections (n = 1), and sleeve pneumonectomy with esophageal, aortic arch, and right pulmonary artery resection (n = 1). No adjuvant therapy was given to any patients. Postoperative 30-day mortality and morbidity rates were 4% and 8%, respectively. With a mean follow-up of 80 months (range 4–369 months, 100% follow-up), actuarial 10-year survival was 89%. One patient died of an extensive sarcomatous recurrence 2 years after surgery.

Conclusion: Pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor is a malignant disease affecting young patients with local invasion, distant metastasis, local recurrence, and sarcomatous degeneration. A complete resection should always be performed at initial presentation because of its high likelihood of cure with aggressive management.

Abbreviation and Acronym IPT = inflammatory pseudotumor


   Introduction
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 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 
Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the lung is a rare and not well-described disease. This disease has presented in the larynx, retroperitoneum, and abdomen. The lung is the most common site of localization, accounting for 0.7% of all thoracic tumors.1-12Go In children aged less than 16 years, IPT is the most frequent primary pulmonary tumor.13Go Although IPT is usually considered to be a benign entity, local invasion, local postoperative recurrence, and distant metastases have been described. Its histologic presentation and natural history are widely variable; therefore, a variety of terms have been used to identify this disease, including plasma cell granuloma,7Go inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor,12Go xanthogranuloma,14Go or fibrous histiocytoma.5Go Because of this inconsistency in pathologic diagnosis and the small number of patients typically seen with this disease, the treatment of choice remains debated.

At the Marie Lannelongue Hospital, we have approached this disease as a low-grade sarcoma. Therefore, it has been our policy to perform a complete R0 resection whenever possible. Patients with pulmonary IPT are typically young; therefore, an aggressive approach is warranted to maximize the likelihood of long-term cure. We retrospectively reviewed our single-center experience to determine the effectiveness of complete resection of pulmonary IPT.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 
We performed a chart review of all patients who presented to the Marie Lannelongue Hospital between 1974 and 2007. We identified 26 patients with pulmonary IPT. One patient was not deemed suitable for surgery because of a bulky tumor invading the esophagus, descending aorta, and left atrium, which was associated with poor conditions that precluded extended surgery. This patient was treated medically by imatinib and steroids. A lethal aortoesophageal fistula developed in the patient 6 months later, and he was excluded from the present study. All the remaining 25 patients underwent surgery in our department. This patient population accounted for 0.05% of all thoracic surgical procedures performed during this period. Records of the patients with pulmonary IPT were reviewed, and the following data were collected: clinical presentation, medical history, laboratory data, and radiologic findings at the time of diagnosis, diagnostic procedure, surgical treatment, postoperative complications, and long-term follow-up. The study was approved by our institutional review board.

The preoperative workup included physical examination, chest radiography, computed tomography of the chest and upper abdomen, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, bronchoscopy, spirometry, arterial blood gas measurement, ventilation-perfusion scanning, and electrocardiography. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography was performed for only recent cases (n = 2) and demonstrated a lesion with intense F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose activity with a standardized uptake value of 10 and 8, respectively. In patients at high risk, a right-sided heart catheterization was performed before and after balloon occlusion of the relevant pulmonary artery to detect pulmonary hypertension.

Tumor resection was considered complete when the resection margins were free of disease. Two pathologists (V.M. and E.D.) independently reviewed the histologic specimens of all cases to confirm the diagnosis of IPT. Immunophenotyping was determined by immunohistochemical staining on 5-µm–thick, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and clonality was characterized according to the type of immunoglobulin on malignant cell surface in all cases. Tissue sections were incubated with monoclonal antibodies 1) to cytokeratins (AE 1–3 clone; Dako, Carpinteria, Calif; 1:125) to rule out a spindle cell carcinoma, 2) to smooth muscle actin (1A4 clone; Dako; 1:100), 3) to anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1 (Dako; 1:100), and 4) to CD34 and S100 protein.

Tumors were classified according to the criteria defined by Gal and colleagues2Go and the World Health Organization.15Go The histologic type defined by Matsubara and colleagues16Go as organizing pneumonia was excluded from this review because of its non-neoplastic nature. Follow-up data were obtained by telephone or patient's hospital visit.

Determination of long-term follow-up was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of death or the last follow-up visit. Continuous data are presented as mean ± standard error unless otherwise noted. Survivals were calculated by life-table analysis with the date of resection of the IPT as the starting time. Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted and compared using the log-rank test for univariate analysis with StatView V (Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, Calif).


   Results
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 
There were 14 women and 11 men, with a median age of 33 years (range, 9–74 years). Fifteen patients (60%) were aged less than 30 years. The tumor was located in the trachea in 1 patient, the right lung in 14 patients (56%), and the left lung in 10 patients (44%).

Clinical Characteristics
A history of cancer was found in 5 patients (20%), including breast cancer (n = 1), testis cancer (n = 1), retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma (n = 1), bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (n = 1), and vocal cord carcinoma (n = 1) (Table 1 ). Thirteen patients (52%) were symptomatic and presented with cough (n = 5), fever (n = 4), dyspnea (n = 3), dysphagia (n = 1), or chest pain related to T1 nerve root invasion (n = 1). The remaining patients were asymptomatic, and their lung tumors were discovered incidentally on routine chest radiographs.


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  		Table 1 Characteristics of patients who underwent complete surgical resection of inflammatory pseudotumor
 
Two patients were referred after an incomplete resection at a different institution. One of them (patient number 10), an 11-year-old child, had undergone operation 3 times before with incomplete resection margins for an invasive mediastinal variant (Figure 1 ). The residual mass had been managed with postoperative radiation therapy (45 Gy) and steroid therapy. This treatment failed to control the tumor locally and resulted in recurrence with invasion of the left atrium, pulmonary artery with a severe pulmonary hypertension, aortic arch, carina, and esophagus (Figure 1). He was then referred to the Marie Lannelongue Hospital for a salvage procedure.


Figure 1
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  		Figure 1. Angiography and chest computed tomography of patient 10 with an invasion of the left pulmonary artery, a tumoral stenosis of the right pulmonary artery, and an involvement of the oesophagus who had undergone operation 3 times before with uncompleted resection for an invasive mediastinal form.

 
The other patient (patient number 17) was referred for a right lung tumor invading the right thoracic inlet (first rib, subclavian artery and vein, and T1 nerve root) with chest pain. After failure to obtain negative surgical margins, adjuvant radiation therapy (50 Gy) was given at an outside institution. The patient was then referred 6 months later to our department because of further growth of the residual tumor mass.

Preoperative Workup
A pulmonary mass (>4 cm) was found in 7 patients and calcified in 6 of them (Figure 2 ). On bronchoscopy, we found an endobronchial lesion in 2 patients. Sixteen patients presented with a solitary nodule or lobar infiltrate. One patient (number 24) was found with 2 brain metastases during the preoperative workup.


Figure 2
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  		Figure 2. Angiography and chest computed tomography of patient 24 with an invasion of the right pulmonary artery with a calcified tumor of the right lung. This patient also presented cerebral localization with the same histology of IPT.

 
Preoperative histologic diagnosis was obtained in 8 patients by surgical (n = 2), bronchoscopic (n = 4), or computed tomography scan-guided (n = 2) biopsy. In the remaining 17 patients, a frozen section was performed during surgery to obtain a diagnosis. In 12 of the 17 patients, the pathologist could make a definitive diagnosis of pulmonary IPT based on the frozen section. The remaining 5 patients were further reviewed before a final decision was issued.

Surgical Resection
A complete resection was always performed. The extent of resections included wedge resection (n = 7), lobectomy (n = 6), sleeve arterial lobectomy (n = 1), lobectomy extended to the thoracic inlet (n = 2), bilobectomy (n = 2), pneumonectomy with brain metastasectomy (n = 1), sleeve pneumonectomy (n = 2), sleeve main bronchus or tracheal resection (n = 2), sleeve left arterial pneumonectomy (n = 1), and sleeve pneumonectomy with esophageal, aortic arch, and right pulmonary artery resection and replacement (n = 1). Resection was performed using a cardiopulmonary bypass in 2 patients. For tumors invading the thoracic inlet, an anterior approach as described by Dartevelle and colleagues17Go was performed in 1 patient and a posterior approach as described by Shaw and colleagues18Go was performed in 1 patient.

Histologic Findings
The mean tumor diameter was 3.5 cm (range, 0.6–13 cm). The histologic types were myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor (n = 16) when there was a spindle-cell component expressing smooth muscle actin, fibrous histiocytic type (n = 8) when the spindle cell did not express smooth muscle actin, and unclassified (plasma cell granuloma, n = 1). Mycobacterial and fungal infections were ruled out in all cases by culture.

Immunohistochemically, reactions of monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratins (AE 1–3), CD34, S100 protein, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1 were always negative. However, tumor reactivity for smooth muscle actin (1A4 clone) was exhibited in 18 patients (72%).

Operative Mortality and Morbidity
Postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were 4% and 8%, respectively. The patient who underwent sleeve pneumonectomy with esophageal, aortic arch, and right pulmonary artery resection and replacement died postoperatively of multiorgan failure. Postoperative complications occurred in 2 other patients, including a pneumonia that was managed with intravenous antibiotics and an empyema without bronchopleural fistula that was managed by a chest tube. In all patients, the median length of stay was 11 days (range, 7–25 days). A blood cell transfusion was required in 2 patients. The patient was then referred 6 months later to our department because of further growth of the residual tumor mass.

Survival
According to the policy for these lesions at the Marie Lannelongue Hospital, no adjuvant treatment was given on discovery. Patients were closely followed at 3-month intervals for 1 year and then annually. Every visit included a physical examination and a computed tomography scan. No patients were lost to follow-up. During the study, 1 patient died of an extensive sarcomatous recurrence 27 months after surgery. The remaining 23 patients are currently alive without evidence of recurrence. With a median follow-up of 80 months (range, 4–369 months), overall 5- and 10-year disease-free survivals were 89%, respectively (Figure 3 ). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the only risk factor for poor outcome was the need for reoperation for tumor recurrence (5-year survival, 0% vs 96%, P = .005). However, the significance of this statistical test should be considered with precaution because of the small number of patients. The young patient (number 24) with cerebral metastasis is currently alive without cerebral recurrence.


Figure 3
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  		Figure 3. Overall survival of the 25 patients after resection of pseudo-inflammatory tumor calculated with the Kaplan–Meier method.

 

   Discussion
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
Conclusions
 References
 
Thoracic IPTs typically present as small peripheral tumors. They constitute 0.7% to 1% of all tumors of the lung.15,16Go The incidence of these tumors is 0.04%.4Go At the Marie Lannelongue Hospital they represented 25 of 44,019 thoracic procedures between 1974 and 2007, an incidence of 0.05%. In our series, 15 patients (62%) were aged less than 30 years. According to the reported literature, pulmonary IPTs are the most frequently diagnosed pediatric primary lung tumor.6,7,9,16,19-22Go Both sexes are equally affected. No geographic or ethnic predominance has been reported. The precise cause of IPT of the lung is unknown. IPT of the lung is thought to be an uncontrolled response to tissue damage of chronic inflammation. The inciting injury would seem to be related to a pulmonary infection.23Go No genetic predisposition or environmental exposure has been linked to this disease. A history of a pulmonary infection has been reported. In our series, 5 patients (21%) had a history of cancer. This trend has not been described in previous reports.

Fifty percent of patients were asymptomatic in our series, which is comparable to other reports. The tumor is frequently discovered on routine chest radiograph and presents as a solitary calcified mass with no evidence of malignancy.13Go As in the more recent patients of the current series, the positron emission tomography imaging is positive with tumoral fixation.24Go

In 1984, Spencer25Go proposed to use the term "plasma cell histiocytoma complex" IPT and pulmonary histiocytofibroma as different stages in the progression of this disease. He presented 27 pulmonary lesions, of which 2 progressed into a sarcomatous variant. A new histologic classification of pulmonary IPTs was presented by Gal and colleagues in 1994.2Go They classified IPT as part of a continuum of pulmonary fibrohistiocytic lesions that ranged from a typical inflammatory lesion without any evidence of malignancy to a malignant histiocytofibroma. The spectrum included lesions such as benign fibrohistiocytoma, fibrohistiocytic type, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and pulmonary IPT. Furthermore, they defined a subvariant of pulmonary IPT referred to as IPT fibrohistiocytic type. Cerfolio and colleagues4Go have divided pulmonary IPTs into 2 groups: noninvasive and invasive IPT. They suggested an immunohistochemical study to distinguish a pulmonary IPT from a spindle-cell carcinoma or anaplastic lymphoma.

IPT in pediatric patients has a high risk of locoregional extension. This invasive form is most often described in young boys aged approximately 10 years.4Go The mediastinal invasion can reach the contralateral lung and result in severe mediastinal sclerosis, as we discovered in patient number 10.

IPTs of the lung have a high potential for local invasion. Thus, vascular invasion,24Go left ventricle invasion,26Go and vertebral invasion have been reported.25Go Such infiltrating and invading forms represent approximately 20% of thoracic IPTs in children.4Go In 6 of our cases, the local invasiveness of the pulmonary IPT required a complex debulking operation: Two tumors invaded the carina, 2 tumors invaded the thoracic inlet, 1 tumor invaded the right pulmonary artery, and 1 tumor involved the mediastinum. Metastases are described for abdominal IPT.10Go Patient number 24 in our series presented with 2 lesions: a right calcified lung tumor and a cerebral metastasis. The histologic examination was the same for both lesions. Metachronous cerebral metastasis has also been described by Melloni and colleagues27Go 1 year after surgery; however, we could not find synchronous cerebral metastasis for IPT of the lung in the literature. For patient number 15, we found 2 tumor deposits on histologic examination: One part was IPT, and 1 part was low-grade sarcoma. This young boy had an invasive form, and the recurrence of the sarcomatous portion was fatal.

Chromosomal abnormalities, such as translocations (t [1;2) [q21;p23]) and deletions (del [4] [q27]), have been described in up to 72% of cells, previously examined in a 30-year-old woman with a middle-lobe IPT.28Go In contradistinction to those who regard these lesions as benign, Snyder and colleagues28Go described them as potentially sarcomatous lesions more than a simple inflammatory reaction. Biselli and colleagues12Go studied the ploidy of 9 pediatric IPTs. In their study, 3 patients presented with a thoracic component. Two of their patients had an invasive form, and 1 patient had a metastatic lesion (these patients presented with a mesenteric lesion, colic lesion, and pulmonary lesion [a brain metastasis subsequently developed in this patient]). In these 3 cases, there were some chromosomal abnormalities. For the patient with metastasis, the primitive lesion and metastasis had the same abnormalities but they were more pronounced in the metastasis.

The treatment of choice for IPT of the lung is surgery.4,7,21,22,27Go For small peripheral tumors, it is now recommended to perform a wedge resection and lobectomy when the lesion is central. In other cases, when there is an invasion of the chest wall, cervico-thoracic junction, main bronchus or the carina, and diaphragm, an aggressive approach with an en bloc resection is necessary to ensure long-term survival. Steroid therapy has been used successfully by Bando and colleagues29Go for 2 patients as a primary mode of treatment. However, in their report, the follow-up was short and no information on late recurrence was provided. This treatment has also been used for IPT with a contraindication for surgical resection either because of invasive presentation deemed unresectable or functionally inoperable patients.30-34Go The results of corticosteroid treatment are widely variable, ranging from inefficacy to complete regression.6,22,29-31Go

Six patients have been treated with chemotherapy;4,21,32,33Go only 1 of them, treated with corticosteroids associated with 3 cycles of chemotherapy combining doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, and bleomycin, had a complete regression of the tumor with a follow-up at 5 years.21Go In 2 major recurrences, Cerfolio and colleagues4Go described a failure of chemotherapy (agents not mentioned). Imperato and colleagues33Go believe that in rare cases in which the lesion is locally aggressive and surgically unresectable or resectable only with major morbidity, radiation therapy can be an effective alternative. Currently, the recommended treatment is 4000 to 4500 rads given in 180 to 200 rad fractions, with the fields being carefully tailored to tumor volume to minimize the dose to the surrounding normal tissue.33-35Go Because the results of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are also widely variable, primary surgical treatment for most patients is still recommended, especially in young patients who can tolerate extended surgery. In case of contraindication to surgical resection, we recommend steroid or chemotherapy rather than radiation therapy to avoid local side effects.


   Conclusions
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
References
 
IPT of the lung is rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a calcified solitary tumor in a young patient. Despite the evidence that most of these tumors show a benign clinical course, it is clear that these tumors can have mediastinal invasion, local recurrences, metastases, and sarcomatous degeneration. These invasive presentations suggest that in reality they are malignant neoplasms. We can also define 2 classes of tumor: peripheral tumors easily treated with wedge resection or lobectomy and central tumors necessitating a resection that can be extended to the tracheobronchial tree or adjacent organs. These tumors should be removed or they can progress to malignant forms, such as mesenchymal low-grade tumors. Once a complete resection is performed for pulmonary IPTs, there is rarely evidence of recurrence despite long-term follow-up. A complete resection should always be attempted because it was associated with a 10-year survival of 89% in our series.


   References
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 References
 

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ANN THORAC SURG ASIAN CARDIOVASC THORAC ANN EUR J CARDIOTHORAC SURG
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